IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 16
Driver Drowsiness
Detection
An Approach Based on Intelligent
Brain-Computer Interfaces
by Tharun Kumar Reddy and Laxmidhar Behera
E
stimating reaction times (RTs) and drowsiness
states from brain signals is a notable
step in creating passive brain-computer
interfaces (BCIs). Prior to the deep learning
era, estimating RTs and drowsiness from
electroencephalogram (EEG) signals was feasible only
with moderate accuracy, which led to unreliability for
neuro-engineering applications. However, recent developments
in machine learning algorithms, notably stationarity-based
approaches and deep convolutional
neural networks (CNNs), have demonstrated promising
results for a class of BCI systems, e.g., motor imagery
BCIs, and affective state classification. These methods
have not been systematically analyzed for EEG-based
driver drowsiness detection and RT prediction.
This article studies the approaches, proposes new variants,
and compares them with classical baselines to predict
RTs from EEG data. We assess performance within
subject-specific and subject-independent calibration settings,
helping to reduce the need for session and subject
calibration in BCI systems. Our results show that a stationarity
incorporating the information theoretic joint
approximate diagonalization method with fuzzy divergence
(F-DivIT-JAD), when combined with a least absolute
shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regressor,
showed superior performance, recording the lowest rootmean-square
error (RMSE), followed by other stationarity
http://www.SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/LIGHTSPRING
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022
Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 2
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 4
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 5
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 6
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 7
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 8
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 9
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 10
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 11
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 12
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 13
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 14
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 15
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 16
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 17
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 18
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 19
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 20
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 21
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 22
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 23
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 24
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 25
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 26
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 27
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 28
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 29
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 30
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 31
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 32
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 33
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 34
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 35
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 36
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 37
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 38
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 39
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 40
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 41
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - 42
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201801
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0716
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0715
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0115
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com