IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022 - Cover4

The Russian space program has employed an ongoing
selection process aimed at long-duration space flight to the
Moon and Mars, and NASA and the European Space Agency
(ESA) have initiated similar programs. The ESA now takes
applicants with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
backgrounds and gender diversity, as trialed by NASA
since the space shuttle era [5]. The future of science and
technology in space has much to gain through the selection
of transdisciplinary crews that are " driven by a scientific
mindset " [22]. An innovative ESA initiative includes a paraastronaut
feasibility project that invites applicants with
physical disabilities. Future work could assess the four pillars
to see if they are applicable as is or what modifications
will be needed to support para-astronauts.
Theoretically, the effects of space on the human body
appear far too adverse to be applied to civilians experiencing
extreme environments on Earth. The level of aggression
observed during human spaceflight far exceeds any
encountered in Earth-space analog studies [13], [14].
While circadian rhythms free-cycle during spaceflight at
90-min intervals [21] and sleep itself influences " astronaut
alertness and performance " [2], the pillars of optimization
reviewed in this article found that astronauts were scheduled
sleep time, even during the Apollo 13 mission. [9] A
future study could compare first responders in extreme
environments on Earth against ground control crew members
for signs of creative potential. Meanwhile, virtual
reality has simulated fires aboard ships with high levels of
immersion to train crews how to respond [23]. While the
" optimal performance of space crews is now the goal of
spaceflight operations " [2], complete validation of the four
pillars of optimization requires studies of space crew reaction
times, ground crew response times, and managing
emergencies through processes and technology.
About the Authors
Anushri Rajendran (arajendran@deakin.edu.au) is
with the Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and
Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Victoria,
Australia.
Parham M. Kebria (parham.kebria@deakin.edu.au) is
with the Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation,
Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Victoria,
Australia.
Navid Mohajer (n.mohajer@deakin.edu.au) is with the
Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation,
Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Victoria, Australia.
Abbas Khosravi (abbas.khosravi@deakin.edu.au) is
with the Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation,
Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Victoria,
Australia.
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IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2022

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