IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - 16

One of the critical computational interaction capabilities
of the APWE is its function that automatically generates
system intelligence with gathered information and knowledge
about operators' states, the tempo of mission tasks,
assets, and entities in the battlespace. For example, it calculates,
verifies, and advises whether a potential strike (i.e.,
lethal versus nonlethal) follows the appropriate legal and
ethical policies (e.g., laws of armed conflict, rules of engagement,
and standard operating procedures) before decisions
are made by human authorities. The APWE is an integral
part of a joint C2 system that consists of a variety of highly
automated emerging and disruptive technologies (EDT)
from four nations [49]. The utility, effectiveness, and interoperability
of these EDTs, including the APWE, were assessed
in a large-scale and complex international exercise within a
context of a single operator controlling multiple heterogeneous
unmanned systems in the air, on the ground, at the
sea, and under the water, as illustrated in Figure 4.
The evaluation results have revealed that military participants
identify the APWE as one of the top three
strengths of the joint C2 system and a significant contributor
to the success of the exercise. Its implementation has
been considered as " exemplary, with major enhancements "
because it " takes a lot of stress away from the operator. "
More important, it is the " most trustworthy "
disruptive technology of the entire joint C2 system
because it provides increased SA with reduced workload
and potential human errors, according to [42] and [49].
Figure 4. The APWE was integrated in an allied C2 system, demonstrated, and evaluated during an
international exercise where one operator controlled multiple heterogeneous unmanned systems in the air, on
the ground, at the sea, and under the water. The IAS framework, ICD design methodology, and IMPACTS trust
model have guided the design and development of an AI-enabled decision-aid APWE, to address the complex,
lengthy, and error-prone target engagement process. The weapon cannot be released unless the APWE
completes all steps successfully based on built-in rules of engagement, international laws of armed conflicts,
and standard operating procedures. BF: blue force; CDE: collateral damage estimation; Civ: civilian;
GBU: guided bomb unit; PID: positive identification.
16 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE April 2022

IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022

Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - 1
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - 3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - 4
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IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - Cover4
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