IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2022 - 25

Furthermore, in NDN, fixed content routers are
involved in reverse paths, whereas in the ITLC, mobile IoT
devices comprise reverse paths. Inevitably, the mobility of
IoT devices causes frequent disruptions of reverse paths,
ultimately leading to frequent failures of data delivery, as
illustrated in Figure 4(a). Hence, the consumer and provider
mobility issues in the NDN-based ITLC and the
reverse-path disruption issue require further research.
Updating the FIB in a timely way within a small area, such
as a subnet or domain, should be a solution for provider
mobility. The consumer mobility issue
may be solved by re-establishing reverse
paths to consumers that change locations,
and the reverse path interruption issue
may be addressed by fixing broken
reverse paths, as shown in Figure 4(b).
Data Communication
In NDN, content routers forward interest
from each target FIB entry and build
reverse paths to consumers. Each provider
receiving interest sends data back to consumers
along reverse paths. In this way,
consumers can receive data from optimal
providers because the FIB and reverse
routes are relatively stable. In the ITLC,
IoT devices work as content routers, and
ITLC members assume the role of providers.
Since an enormous number of IoT
devices are involved in maintaining the
FIB, the number of IoT devices participating
in forwarding interest greatly grows,
as depicted in Figure 5(a). This results in
substantial data redundancy. Moreover,
IoT devices dynamically joining the ITLC
leads to a dramatic increase in both the
number of target FIB entries and the number
of providers returning data, further
exacerbating redundancy.
Furthermore, a large number of IoT
devices comprise reverse paths, so the
number of IoT devices involved in forwarding
data greatly grows. This further
deteriorates data redundancy and results
in considerable information delivery costs
and latency. To reduce data redundancy
and alleviate costs and delays, optimal
forwarders should be elected using metrics
to decrease both the number of IoT
devices forwarding interest and the number
of providers returning data. Also, data
sharing may assist in reducing the frequency
of consumers sending interest and
IoT devices forwarding interest and in
enhancing the efficiency of ITLC-based
data delivery, as indicated in Figure 5(b).
This article aims to achieve the ITLC by exploiting
NDN. Comparisons among this work and the works [8],
[12], and [14]-[17] are given as follows.
1) The LC concepts are different: The work in [14] presents
a local automation cloud that is intended to
perform automation functionalities, but it does not
explain how to implement the local automation cloud.
In [12], the IoT is integrated with a remote cloud composed
of static devices with rich resources, such
as servers, rather than the LC composed of mobile
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Figure 3. The (a) routing challenge and (b) possible solution.
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Figure 4. The (a) mobility challenge and (b) possible solution.
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Figure 5. The (a) communication challenge and (b) solution.
July 2022 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE 25
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IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2022

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