IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2022 - 38

medical organizations and physicians closer to intelligent
systems using various AI techniques [88]-[91]. Figure
5 presents a general view of the application of UQ
methods in CDSSs.
Conclusion
Due to AI methods' increasing popularity and outstanding
performance, it is crucial to provide suitable solutions to
raise the confidence level in the obtained results. There is
a compelling need to employ UQ procedures and measurement
for various AI methods. This is far more important
for the medical field because the decision-making process
of these schemes directly influences the lives of people.
Today, data-driven-based methods are emerging as the
main foundation for evidence-based, decision-making techniques.
However, important theoretical foundations are not
well developed to understand their potential, which has
deep sociological and psychological concepts to delegate
on machine decisions. Hence, understanding these predictive
systems, coupled with data- and model-driven techniques,
strongly addresses the uncertainty issues in AI
techniques. This seems to be much more sensitive to medical
issues because it deals with people's lives. Hence, there
is a great need to have useful, practical methods to deal
with model uncertainty and improve the overall confidence
toward obtained outcomes. Finally, we emphasize
that measuring and quantifying AI methods is needed in all
science disciplines, not only for medical data analysis.
Acknowledgments
We thank Prof. Timothy Miller at the University of Melbourne
for checking the article and providing valuable
feedback and comments. This research was supported in
part by the Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects
funding scheme (project DP190102181). The corresponding
author is Moloud Abdar.
About the Authors
Moloud Abdar (m.abdar1987@gmail.com) is with the
Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovations,
Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia.
Abbas Khosravi is with the Institute for Intelligent Systems
Research and Innovations, Deakin University, Geelong,
3216, Australia.
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam is with the Institute
for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise
and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne,
3125, Australia.
U. Rajendra Acharya (aru@np.edu.sg) is with the
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 599489, Singapore, the Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology,
Singapore University of Social Sciences, 599491,
Singapore, and the Department of Biomedical Informatics
and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung,
41354, Taiwan.
38 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE July 2022
Athanasios V. Vasilakos (thanos.vasilakos@uia.no,
th.vasilakos@gmail.com) is with the College of Mathematics
and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116,
China, and the Center for AI Research, the University of
Agder, Grimstad, 4879, Norway.
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