IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2023 - 22

The annual energy production
from solar PV panels is 3,606.6 kWh,
3,590.104 kWh, 4,008.861 kWh,
and 4,035.7 kWh for PV+LIB,
PV+WT+L IB, PV+WT+SC, and
PV+SC, respectively. The annual
energy generation from WT is
347 kWh, 12,146 kWh, 694 kWh, and
24,639 kWh for PV+WT+LIB,
WT+LB, PV+WT+SC, and WT+SC,
respectively.
The storage bank autonomy is
In terms of
sustainability, a
DCMG has a smaller
environmental
impact than the
ac power system.
the ratio of the storage bank size to the electric load. It is measured
in number of hours. Homer Pro calculates the
autonomy by dividing the usable
nominal capacity of the battery
bank (kWh) by the average primary
load (kW). For LIB, the autonomy
hours are 29.654 h, 29.6546 h, and
158.15 h for the architecture of
PV+LIB, PV+WT+LIB, and WT+LB,
respectively. In the case of SC, the
autonomy hours are estimated as
12.60318 h, 13.437 h, and 90.63 h for
the architecture of PV+WT+SC,
PV+SC, and WT+SC, respectively. In
addition to these capital costs, O&M costs of solar PVs and
WT and annual throughput of LIB and SC are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Simulation results for various system configurations.
System Configurations
Serial
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
System and Cost Parameters
PV (kW)
PV-MPPT (kW)
WT (kW)
SC (Nos)
LIB (kWh)
CoE ($/kWh)
NPC ($)
Initial capital($)
Renewable fraction (%)
PV/capital cost ($)
PV/production (kWh/year)
WT/capital cost ($)
WT/production (kWh/year)
WT/O&M cost ($)
SC/autonomy (hour)
SC/annual throughput (kWh/year)
SC/nominal capacity (kWh)
SC/usable nominal capacity (kWh)
LIB/autonomy (hour)
LIB/annual throughput (kWh/year)
LIB/nominal capacity (kWh)
LIB/usable nominal capacity (kWh)
MPPT: maximum power point tracking.
PV+LIB
6.4
1
-
-
12
0.2
7,334
4,541.4
100
2,021.4
3,606.6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
29.654
1,275.6
12
9.6
PV+WT+
LIB
6.24
1
1
-
12
0.213
7,821.4
4,868.18
100
1,973.185
3,590.104
375
347
10
-
-
-
-
29.6546
1,165.945
12
9.6
WT+LB
-
-
35
-
64
1.18
43,394
26,565
100
-
-
13,125
12,146
350
-
-
-
-
158.15
1,290.8
64
51.2
PV+WT+
SC
15.8
1
2
1088
-
2.21
81,117
81,751.41
100
4,841.407
4,008.861
750
694
20
12.60318
1,048.69
4.08
4.08
-
-
-
-
PV+SC
17.32
1
1160
-
2.33
85,497
86,498
100
5,298.6
4,035.7
-
-
-
13.437
1,223.8
4.35
4.35
-
-
-
-
WT+SC
-
-
71
7824
-
15.43
565,321
574,305
100
-
-
26,625
24,639
710
90.63
1,223.4
29.34
29.34
-
-
-
-
22 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE April 2023

IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2023

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