IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2023 - 43

Dataset-6. Validation and test subsets have a uniform
density over the input range. The noise magnitude
( )Me
is 0.5.
In Dataset-7, the sample density increases with the
increment of the absolute value of X1. Figure 5(b) presents
the training set of Dataset-7. Validation and test subsets
have a uniform density over the input range. The noise
magnitude
( )Me
is 0.5.
The artificial NN may confuse the noise with a high-frequency
signal, where human brains can easily recognize
the pattern of the signal. The equation for the generation of
Dataset-8 is the same as (7). The noise magnitude ( )Me
in
Dataset-8 is 0.2. However, the input range of Dataset-8 is
larger than Dataset-6. Figure 5(c) indicates the training set
of Dataset-8. All subsets of Dataset-8 have a uniform density
over the input range.
The noise magnitude
( )Me
in Dataset-9 is 0.2. Figure
6(a)-(c) presents the training, validation, and test
sets of Dataset-9. The training set has no sample near
X .10=
The noise magnitude
( )Me
in Dataset-10 is 0.2. Figure 7(a)
-(c) presents the training, validation, and test sets of
Data-6 Training Set
Data-7 Training Set
1
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 0.25
0.75
Input (X1, Arbitrary Unit)
(a)
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
Input (X1, Arbitrary Unit)
(b)
0.5
-0.5
-1
0.5 1-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1-5 -2.5 05
2.5
Input (X1, Arbitrary Unit)
(c)
Figure 5. Relationship between target (T) and input (X1) on (a) Dataset-6, (b) Dataset-7, and (c) Dataset-8.
Data-8 Training Set
Training Set
Validation Set
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 -0.5
Input (X1, Arbitrary Unit)
(a)
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0.5
Input (X1, Arbitrary Unit)
(b)
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0.5 1-1 -0.5 01 -1 -0.5 01
0.5
Input (X1, Arbitrary Unit)
(c)
Figure 6. Relationship between the target (T) and input (X1) on Dataset-9. Subplots (a), (b), and (c) represent
relationships on the training, the validation, and the test set, respectively.
April 2023 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE 43
Test Set
Target (T, Arbitrary Unit)
Target (T, Arbitrary Unit)
Target (T, Arbitrary Unit)
Target (T, Arbitrary Unit)
Target (T, Arbitrary Unit)
Target (T, Arbitrary Unit)

IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2023

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