IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2023 - Cover3

meet those needs. POC D-dimer can also meet the requirements
except for being noninvasive. These methods can be
used for early diagnosis during bed rest. They could
improve the diagnostic capacity of DVT to supplement gaps
in conventional DVT diagnostic management.
POCUS, POC D-dimer, and PPG are products of the rapidly
evolving electronic environment. POCUS inherits US
precision while being smaller and more portable. It is often
used in nonhospital settings, such as ambulances and
open-air rescues. With the development of machine learning
and artificial intelligence, it can perform smart diagnosis
and analysis. As early and widely used positive
screening equipment, the development of POC D-dimer
testing equipment gradually trends toward easy-to-use
machines, such as as home blood glucose meters. To some
extent, PPG can meet the requirement for continuous monitoring
in bedridden patients. It has the advantages of low
power consumption and simplicity of operation, which is
the perfect postoperative monitoring equipment.
Our study included a complete review of available
POCT detection methods and an analysis of the accuracy
of research data from the studies. Based on the sensitivity
and specificity analysis, we could also conduct quantitative
and qualitative research on the different diagnostic
methods. Although we lack the specific details of the relevant
experiments, trends in the development of diagnostic
equipment as well as the results of studies showed that
POCT has diagnostic results comparable to those of more
sensitive laboratory tests and merits consideration from a
health economics perspective. Costs are also rising in
medical decision making due to limited medical budgets
and increasing health insurance costs. The marginal loss
associated with using POCT equipment for diagnosis is
much less than the medical burden and cost associated
with a referral from a preliminary diagnosis.
Ideally, equipment with early detection, continuous
monitoring, and intelligent analysis best meets the needs
of clinicians. However, no current equipment can continuously
monitor DVT during activity. As electronic and biological
equipment evolve, POCUS and PPG can gradually
extend this capacity. POCT health-care technology can
allow us to obtain relatively immediate information about
venous function at an early stage. It has considerable
opportunities in the routine evaluation and early diagnosis
of patients with DVT.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (grants 62273082 and 61773110), Natural
Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (grants
20170540312 and 2021-YGJC-14), Basic Scientific Research
Project (Key Project) of Liaoning Provincial Department of
Education (grant LJKZ00042021), and Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities (grant N2119008). This
work was also supported by the Shenyang Science and Technology
Plan Fund (grants 21-104-1-24, 20-201-4-10, and
201375) and Member Program of Neusoft Research of Intelligent
Healthcare Technology, (grant MCMP062002).
About the Authors
Zejun Zhang (2171280@stu.neu.edu.cn) is with the College
of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern
University, Shenyang 110169 China.
Junding Wu (2001227@stu.neu.edu.cn) is with the College
of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering,
Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169 China.
Wanjun Cheng (chengwj@neusoft.com) is with Neusoft
Research of Intelligent Healthcare Technology,
Shenyang 110169 China.
Xia Zhang (zhangx@neusoft.com) is with Neusoft
Research of Intelligent Healthcare Technology, Shenyang
110169 China.
Lisheng Xu (xuls@bmie.neu.edu.cn) is with the College
of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern
University, Shenyang 110169 China; Neusoft
Research of Intelligent Healthcare Technology, Shenyang
110169 China; and the Key Laboratory of Medical Image
Computing, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110169 China.
Yudong Yao (yyao@stevens.edu) is with the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute
of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA.
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