Systems, Man & Cybernetics - January 2017 - 10

Trusted Autonomy
Between Humans
and Robots
Toward Human-on-the-Loop in Robotics
and Autonomous Systems
by Saeid Nahavandi

S

ystems that can change their
behavior in response to unexpected conditions and events during
operation are known as autonomous [1]. Autonomy refers to
the capability of a machine to perform a
task, or part of it, with no-or substantially
reduced-human intervention. Over the
years, autonomous systems have appeared and
sometimes dominated various aspects of
human daily activities, such as in robot-controlled operations.
The levels of autonomy range from teleoperation to fully autonomous systems [2].
Autonomy can be categorized into two broad
classes: human-in-the-loop (HITL) and humanon-the-loop (HOTL). Machines that carry out a
task for a time period, then stop and wait for
human commands before continuing are
known as HITL systems, while machines that
can execute a task completely and independently but have a human in a monitoring or
supervisory role, with the ability to interfere if
the machine fails, are known as HOTL systems [3]. HOTL systems can also be fully
autonomous if human supervisors allow them
to perform a function entirely on their own.
Safety, accuracy, and security have always been major
concerns pertaining to the adoption of autonomous systems. HOTL systems, in particular, require a high level of
trust to be accepted in our daily lives. Trust translates as a
human operator's willingness to rely on the actions
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSMC.2016.2623867
Date of publication: 17 January 2017

10

IEEE SyStEmS, man, & CybErnEtICS magazInE Janu ar y 2017

performed by an autonomous system [4]. Trust depends on
the specific system and circumstances as well as on the
environment the system is working in and the operator's
background and beliefs [5]. Achieving the trust that can
lead to realizing particular objectives individually and
accurately in uncertain conditions over a long period of
time without human involvement has always been the
main goal with autonomous systems.
2333-942X/17©2017IEEE



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Systems, Man & Cybernetics - January 2017

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Systems, Man & Cybernetics - January 2017 - Cover3
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