Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 19
(f)
(e)
(d)
(c)
Foam-Loaded
Sensor
(2011)
(b)
(a)
Once-FormingBased Sensor
(2010)
Spring-Loaded
Sensor
(2011)
Spring-Loaded
Sensor with
Cushion (2012)
Silicon-Based
Sensor
(2014)
Silicon-Loaded
Sensors
(2012-2013)
Unit = cm
2
1
0
0
1
2 3
4
5
6 7
(g)
8
9 10 11 12
Figure 2. Novel dry-contact sensors for measuring scalp EEG signals. (a)-(f) Different types and (g) sizes of
novel dry sensors have been developed for various purposes in the past years.
are able to move freely around the room/office. For
electrode is fabricated by an electrically conductive polyinstance, we can use these wireless and wearable EEG
mer foam covered with conductive fabric and can be used to
devices to conduct complex experiments, such as drowsy
measure biopotentials without skin preparation or conducdriving [29], distracted driving [30], motion sickness [31],
tion gel. Moreover, the foam substrate of the dry electrode
or navigation [32] in a motion simulator [Figure 4(a) and
enables a high-geometric conformity between the electrode
(b)] or real-world driving environment [Figure 4(c)]. This
and irregular scalp surface to maintain a low skin-electrode impedance, even under motion. The spring-loaded
-advantage of the convenient EEG acquisition offers the
sensor was proposed for potential operations in the presopportunity to improve our understanding of complex
ence of hair and without any skin preparation or conduccoordinated and multijoint naturalistic behaviors in opertive gel use. Each probe was designed to include a probe
ating environments.
head, plunger, spring, and barrel. The 17
probes were inserted into a f lexible
substrate using a one-time forming process in an established injection-molding
procedure. Most importantly, the data
quality obtained with these dry electrodes [27] is comparable to that ob--
tained with wet-electrode systems
while avoiding the need for skin abrasion, preparation, or gels.
In conventional EEG devices, the
measured brain activity is transmitted
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
through a cable connected between the
EEG cap and computer, which limits the
Figure 3. Different EEG hats carrying varying numbers of sensors.
application and usability of BCIs in real
(a) A four-channel system that uses silicon-based dry electrodes
life. To overcome this connection limitato measure brain activity on the forehead area. (b) An earphonelike EEG system that uses spring-loaded dry electrodes to measure
tion, the developed EEG hats (Figure 3)
brain activity on the hairy area. (c) The X-shaped EEG system uses a
include a wireless transmission module
combination of spring-loaded sensor and foam-based sensor novels
and a chargeable battery, which allow
to monitor the brain activity at Fp1, Fp2, Pz, and Oz. (d) and (e) Highrecordings to be made without being
density EEG systems with 32 and 64 dry electrodes, which are placed
tethered to a computer; thus, subjects
based on the international 10-20 system of electrode placement.
O c tob e r 2017
IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE
19
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover1
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover2
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 1
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 2
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 3
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 4
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 5
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Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover3
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover4
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