IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Fall 2013 - 75

Table I
Ethical Elements of Website Statements in Public Sectors
Copyright
Website
content
reprint

Respect for
copyright of
third party

Creation of
derivative
works

Privacy

Accuracy

Accessibility

No. of State council
departments

10

3

2

0

4

0

No. of Public institutions
directly under state council

3

1

0

1

2

0

justified; whether the department
respects copyright holders' intellec-
tual property; whether the depart-
ment protects copyright holders'
privacy; whether the PSI is accurate'
and whether PSI is easy to access
by users.
If ethical issues persist in PSI,
users, including copyright holders,
remain confused about the ethical
conduct of the department, with the
added risk that the reuse of infor-
mation resources will be directly
affected. Over half of Chinese
public sector agencies are lacking
appropriate website statements;
even if website statements exist in
some departments. The focus on
these websites is mainly on copy-
right and seldom on information
accuracy and privacy. In addition,
the length of website statements
is general is very small, merely a
few lines. In light of this, users'
demands for ethical justification
of PSI cannot be directly satisfied,
leaving a cloud around the reuse of
information resources.

Copyright Element of
Website Statements
Among the 26 state council depart-
ments, all of the statements per-
tained to copyright issues. Of them,
10 departments were involved with
website content reprint; 3 referred to
third party copyright; 2 to the creation
of derivative works. Additionally,
8 departments had separate copy-
right statements. Interestingly, the
phrases "copyright reserved" or "all
rights reserved" appeared in most of
the copyright statements identified.
Some departments provided content

referring to reprint, reproduction, and
mirrored website content. for exam-
ple, "Without the website's written
authorization, please do not reprint,
excerpt or build a mirror image, oth-
erwise it will be regarded as a copy-
right infringement" in the Ministry
of National Defense website. Also,
"All rights reserved, if reprinting is
needed, please indicate the source
of information" in the National
Development and Reform Commis-
sion. Likewise, "All rights reserved,
without the website's authorization,
please do not reprint" in the Minis-
try of Land and Resources, and "All
rights reserved in the website, please
do not reproduce, build mirror image
without permission" in the Ministry
of Agriculture website etc.
Among 17 public institutions
directly under State Council, all of
the statements related to copyright.
Of them, 12 departments had web-
site content with respect to reprint,
and four for third party copyright.
Additionally, there were 15 depart-
ments with separate copyright
statements. for the most part, the
size of statements was very small,
save for the copyright statement of
the Xinhua News Agency which
stated: "All rights reserved; with-
out authorization, download is
not permitted." All other websites
merely stated "All rights reserved."
It can be summarized from these
survey results that public sector
agencies in China for the most part
pay attention to copyright issues,
especially for their own copyright
interests. But some copyright state-
ments overly monopolize user rights
or evade responsibilities. This is

IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

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fALL 2013

widely considered a serious breach
of copyright law [4]. Owing to the
imperfections of copyright state-
ments, citizens or businesses will
probably be reluctant to reuse PSI.

Privacy, Accuracy,
Accessibility Elements
of Website Statements
Among 26 state council departments,
10 departments described informa-
tion accuracy. Among 17 public insti-
tutions directly under State Council,
8 departments described information
accuracy and only 4 had a privacy
statement.
from this data, it is apparent that
public sector website statements,
for the most part, do not address
privacy and accuracy elements of
information ethics. This is especially
the case for accessibility, because
accessibility was not mentioned by
any website surveyed. The privacy
statement is important for any public
sector agency, because the organiza-
tion's physical and moral autonomy
is based on it, and reusers of public
sector information can clearly know
how the organization collects, uses,
discloses, transfers, and stores a citi-
zen's personal information. Second,
the information accuracy statement
is also an important element pertain-
ing to the reuse of PSI because it can
increase reusers' confidence as qual-
ity assurance of PSI. So it is essential
that an information accuracy clause
exists in a statement on the website.
fortunately, half of the public sec-
tor agencies surveyed had provided
a statement of this nature on their
website. finally, given the existence
of the Regulation of the People's
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