IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Fall 2014 - 15

Non-Govermental
Organizations vs
Nation-State

As Part of
Non-Kinetic Battle

Nation-State vs
Nation-State

As Part of Traditional
Kinetic Battle

Cyberattack

Attacks On
Electrical Grids
Targeting
Opponent's "War Fighting"
Systems
Attacks On
Financial Institutions

Targeting
Government Websites

Attacks On
Other Critical Infrastructure/
Including Private Sector
Businesses

Military
Logistical Systems

Military
Intelligence Systems

Fig. 1. Cyberattacks and organizational typology.

attacks in cyberspace more prevalent. In this type of
environment, the impact of a Law of Cyberwarfare, as
a regulatory mechanism, may therefore be limited. The
Tallinn Manual defines cyberwar as a cyberattack, in
either an offensive or defensive cyber operation, that
is reasonably expected to cause death to persons, damage, or cause destruction to objects. Excluded from
this definition, are psychological cyber-operations
or cyberespionage [3]. A major drawback with this
definition is its use of the term cyberattack, which is
often synonymous with cyberwar and with the accompanying narrow definition of cyberwar. for example,
it excludes cyber-operations designed to destabilize a
nation-state's financial system, since the attack did not
directly result in death or physical destruction.
Traditionally, violence has been viewed as a necessary correlate of a cyberattack, placing cyberwar
within the context of an armed conflict. The focus
was the equivalence of the effects of a cyberattack to
the effects of an armed attack using physical means
IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

|

fALL 2014

[2]. This approach to cyberwar has been adapted by
those who view cyberattacks in military campaigns
as a motive to target an opponent's communications,
intelligence, as well as other Internet or networkbased logistic operations [4]. The linkage of cyberwar
with the use of force and armed conflict may be the
current prevailing position in some international sectors. However, it fails to take into account the extent
of non-physical damage that can be inflicted through
cyberspace in a world that is becoming increasingly
networked, up to and including nuclear facilities.
The Geneva Center for the Democratic Control
of Armed forces (DCAf) adopted a more inclusive
definition of cyberattacks in its DCAF Horizons
2015 Working Paper. This definition distinguishes
between state-sponsored and non-state-sponsored
cyberattacks, and also includes cybervandalism,
cybercrime, and cyberespionage within its definition of cyberattacks [1]. The DCAf defines cyberwar as warlike conduct conducted in virtual space
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