IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Fall 2014 - 61

well-functioning and trustworthy
reputation system. In fact, crowdsourcing SCI systems typically
possess a bipartite structure: parties offering a service need to
match with agents willing to supply the service. If there are multiple parties of the first type, they
are typically in competition among
each other. Hence, it may not be
in their best interest to provide
reliable feedback, which can give
a competitive advantage to the
other parties. Mechanism design
theory has also tackled this additional problem [29] by designing
mechanisms that elicit trustworthy
feedback from the parties who are
offering a crowdsourcing service.

Use of Game Theory Tools
Can Lead to Advances
While there is no ultimate answer to
the question on how to "program" a
socio-technical ensemble, or social
collective intelligence system, we
are convinced that this represents
a highly relevant challenging field
for researchers and innovators from
different disciplines. In particular,
in this article, we proposed the use
of game theory as grounding for
engineering such types of systems.
We acknowledge that the (mechanistic) perspective of people as
"utility maximizers" can still puzzle
social scientists and give rise to controversy. But the approach is not
to build a mathematical model of
human beings; rather, to have some
(abstract) model for understanding
the impact of their decision-making.
By doing so, we do believe that using
the full spectrum of game theoretical
tools can lead to advances (needless
to say to be validated empirically)
on how to realize purposeful sociotechnical systems.
In this discussion, a key and
deeply challenging aspect for
future research - not covered in
this article due to space limitations - is related to the governance
of such social collective intelligence systems, where ethical
aspects should be considered as a

pre-requisite for any engineering
attempt [31], [32].

Author Information
Daniele Miorandi is lead scientist
in the Smart ICT for Socio-Technical Systems (iNSPIRE) Area at
CREATE-NET, Italy, and Executive VP for R&D at U-Hopper srl,
Italy. E-mail: daniele.miorandi@
create-net.org.
Lorenzo Maggi is a researcher
in the iNSPIRE Area at CREATENET, Italy. E-mail: lorenzo.maggi@
create-net.org.

Acknowledgment
The work reported here is partially
supported by the EU FP7 project
Social-IST (317681), by the EU FP7
project CONGAS (317672), and by
the EU FP7 project Smart Society
(600854). D. Miorandi is grateful
to Stuart Anderson for the insightful and inspirational discussions.

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