IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2016 - 70

Imagine that when the child turns 16, the government
may perhaps access the database or link it to their adult
crime prevention system. It is also a concern that data
can be stolen by identity thieves. A school should not
pass their information to other organizations and should
destroy the information once the pupil has left the
school [29].
The Associated Press [30] reported that the U.S. fed-
eral government filed a lawsuit against Consol Energy,
Inc., because of religious discrimination. An employee
was forced to retire because the company expected
him to provide biometric hand scans. He believed that
these hand scans violated his Christian beliefs. Consol
Energy, Inc., was not willing to consider alternative
identification techniques [30]. Facial biometrics are
difficult to implement for religions that require the
individual to wear head or face coverings [29]. Embar-

The disabled face a range of
problems when having to use
biometric sensors, particularly
those who have missing limbs
or visual impairment.

rassment or offense to the individual can occur if verifi-
cation of these biometrics are made in public places.
This will lead to individuals avoiding being enrolled in
these biometrics.
Certain individuals are excluded from biometric
identification on the basis of lack of access to biomet-
ric capturing facilities that allow for others to be
enrolled. Wickins [29] describes social exclusion as any
restriction or prevention of access to certain activities
that other individuals of the same society take for
granted. These activities include healthcare, social
security, employment, housing, and smaller things such
as being able to rent a video from a video rental shop.
Social exclusion unfairly discriminates against certain
individuals or races, as well as against different classes
of people.
A U.K. Passport Service (UKPS) Biometrics Enrol-
ment Trial reported lower enrolment success rates for
the iris biometric in participants who were black or over
59 years of age [23]. When biometrics are used for
identification to provide free food at schools or cover
the cost of day care for low income families, it can

70

become a form of social exclusion by singling out poor-
er communities [29], [31].
The disabled face a range of problems when having
to use biometric sensors, particularly those who have
missing limbs or visual impairment. Some individuals
find it difficult to hold their head or fingers long enough
to be scanned by a biometric device [24]. Exclusion
from a biometric system can occur if it requires an indi-
vidual to provide a biometric that is unavailable due to
disability or age. For example, eyesight may deteriorate
with age, which could impact on the biometric verifica-
tion process [24]. In this case, an alternative identifica-
tion biometric should be provided, such as voice
recognition or fingerprint.
The elderly need sufficient access to health care and
tend to avoid being enrolled in biometric systems. The
elderly are also slower at using a biometric terminal [22].
Children with down syndrome, autism, or other dis-
abilities may become lost or disoriented and should
take advantage of an identification service that allows
a  photo to be uploaded and confirmed by means of
a database [23].
There are potential risks to human health from using
certain biometrics (e.g., fingerprint readers with plated
glass surfaces) as well as concerns about possible haz-
ards that have been raised by the public. A health risk,
when interacting with a biometric sensor, includes the
fact that the biometric instrument may be contaminated
with germs and bacteria. If the sensor is not cleaned
regularly, the public's acceptance of using biometrics
will drop.

Suitable Biometrics for Children
When using biometrics for children, protection of the
child is a key ethical issue. Certain types of biometrics
are preferable for use with children. This section dis-
cusses biometric properties and suggests appropriate
biometrics for children.
Ashok, Shivashankar, and Mudiraj [19] describe five
properties for a good biometric:
■ Universality: the biometric feature should be present
in all persons.
■ Uniqueness: no two persons should have identical
biometrics.
■ Permanence: the biometric should not change dur-
ing the life of a person.
■ Collectability: the biometric should be measurable
using some device.
■ Acceptability: there should be no public objections
to the biometric feature collected.
Manivannan and Padma [22] also suggest that a
good biometric should have universality, permanence,
collectability, and acceptability. They add three more
desired properties:

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

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