IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - June 2018 - 49

(a)

(%)

Other
T11
T10
T9
T8
T7
T6
T5
T4
T3
T2
T1

Other
T11
T10
T9
T8
T7
T6
T5
T4
T3
T2
T1

(%)

interaction with users and commercial websites. These
by other users. The top ten influential hijab advocates
tweets divided into two groups (i.e., T10 and T11). Fake
were five regular users, two religious leaders, and three
hyperlink is a term we suggest for topics in common. Folnews agencies/journalists, while the top ten antilowing the hyperlink provided in the tweet, a website will
extremists were five regular users, four news agencies/
appear that is not related to the
tweet. While the graph of the
most frequent topics, T1 and T7,
Arabic
Persian
70
40
was regular, it seems complete35
60
ly irregular and noisy for T10
30
and T11 (Figure 5). This indica 50
25
tes tweets under topics T1 and
40
20
T7 are retweeted or replied to
30
by others, while fake hyperlinks
15
20
rarely received engagement from
10
users. In other words, marketers
10
5
or robots reproduced fake hy0
0
perlinks, and then posted (not
retweeted) these tweets, while
useful tips are posted by a first
person and then are retweeted Figure 2. Frequencies of different topics in Arabic and Persian tweets.

(b)

(c)

Figure 3. Word clouds of frequent topics. (a) Arabic T1 (Hijab Advocates). (b) Arabic T7 (Anti-extremism). (c) Persian T4 (News).

Original Picture

Manipulated Picture

Figure 4. Picture of the Syrian refugee mother with her child drowning in the sea.

JUNE 2018

∕

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

49



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