IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - June 2019 - 33

automated vehicles and their safe
integration in the transportation
system [5] that categorized levels of
autonomy in AVs. There are many
advantages that could be brought
by AV. AVs can help reduce carbon
production. They can allow users to
better exploit time spent inside the
car, since they will be able to employ
their time on other activities instead
of only driving. Moreover, it is possible to reduce traffic, congestion,
and accidents, which are mainly
caused by driver errors, fatigue,
alcohol, or drugs [6]-[9].
An attempt rethinking of the way
mobility is managed and offered
is represented by the Mobility as a
Service (MaaS) model. MaaS solutions (e.g., MaaS Global: http://maas
.global) aim at arranging the most
suitable transport solution for their
customers, thanks to a cost-effective
integrated offer of different multimodal means of transportation.
MaaS also foresees radical changes
in the business landscape, with a
new generation of mobility operators
emerging as key actors to manage
the increased flexibility and dynamism offered by this new concept
of mobility.

mobility services is not seen as a
and distributed "ecology" of the
way to create competition, but as an
appropriate means (or a combination of means) of transportation.
added value to make cities smarter
Whether a system survives in a
and citizens happier.
particular ecosystem should be
The impacts of self-driving cars
the result of how it responds to the
portend significant changes to the
conditions, be they the needs of a
transportation ecosystem. Some
diverse user population, responses
forecast the end of parking spaces
to regulation, or market pressures.
[2]. Others believe that autonoTo realize such dynamic and
mous vehicles will paradoxically
emergent behaviors in transportaincrease traffic. Yet others predict
tion systems, better development
that there will be new classes of trafof supporting software systems is
fic problems that occur at scale, due
needed. In recent years, collective
to the homogeneity of these transportation systems.
Before changing communities to support what it is
believed future transportation will look like and how
The impacts of self-driving cars
it will behave, it is necessary to develop mechanisms
portend significant changes to the
that allow planners of these
transportation ecosystem.
localities to model, analyze,
and present future possible configurations. This
adaptive systems (CAS) have been
must be done in ways that allow
introduced and studied by many
citizens of the communities to
researchers in different application
understand and participate in the
domains (i.e., industry 4.0, logistics,
modeling and analysis.
smart cities and mobility, energy,
Coordination for mobility as a
biology, etc. See http://www.focas
service can be implemented on a
.eu/focas-manifesto.pdf).
spectrum. At one end are indepenCAS consists of diverse heterodent agents like car owners, commugeneous entities composing a socionicating exclusively through market
technical system. Individual entities
exchanges like Uber or Lyft. In the
"opportunistically" enter a system
middle of this range are ensembles of
and self-adapt in order to leverage
hierarchies, where a set of indepenother entities' resources and capadently coordinated systems interact,
bilities to perform their tasks more
like the way that airplanes, airlines,
efficiently or effectively. At the same
and air traffic control coordinate
time, collections of entities, called
using a mix of market and govern"ensembles," must be able to selfmental mechanisms. At the far end of
adapt simultaneously to preserve
this spectrum are single hierarchies,
the collaboration and benefits of
like military systems. These can be
the system (or sub-system) they a
highly responsive and efficient, but
part of.
difficult to make adaptable.
In this very dynamic and rapidly
Every means of transportation
evolving environment, CAS have the
does not need to individually compotential of offering the right conpete across multiple markets. But
cepts for modeling and for programneither should there be only one
ming smart mobility solutions, and
r igid hierarchy. The appropriate
of speeding up their adoption.
compromise is to have diversity

Selfish vs Collective Mobility
Wiseman's article makes a number
of hypotheses concerning the future
of transport systems. In particular,
he proposes AV as the only means
of transport for the future, making
all the others (i.e., railways systems)
useless. We can label this way of
managing mobility as "selfish" (i.e.,
each transportation type acts independently, competing against the
others). Alternatively, the meaning
of "collective mobility" offers a
diverse and inclusive model, where
instead of thinking of the mobility
ecosystem as a set of isolated initiatives, we propose something more
effective and sustainable. With collective mobility, the diversity of
JUNE 2019

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IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

33


http://maas.global http://maas.global http://www.focas.eu/focas-manifesto.pdf http://www.focas.eu/focas-manifesto.pdf

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