IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - June 2022 - 99

moral superiority, progress, reason, and civilization
of the White European metropoles [45] (see [56]).
This in turn erased the terms of capitalist progress
and the destruction and dispossession on which
it rested (e.g., [53], [67]). These insights draw our
attention to whether and how the EU's efforts in AIT
market-making might not only express a particular
competitiveness strategy, but also build on and
reproduce this fundamental colonial political economy
of domination, exploitation, and geopolitical
influence.
Its relevance is shown when we consider that
" peace and prosperity " for Europe relied on colonial
power relations in its founding, as Hansen and Jonsson
[33] argue. Their careful and thorough archival
work on the early days of European integration shows
that economic and political unification in Europe
was thought of at the time-including by key figures
such as French Foreign Secretary Robert Schuman
or German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer-as fundamentally
relying on the extraction of resources (raw
materials and labor) from the French, Dutch, and
Belgian colonies, the sharing and pooling of these
resources across the union-to-be, but also the joint
investment in harvesting these resources among the
six. Drawing Germany and Italy, those member states
that lost their empires after the Second World War,
into a pooled form of European Economic Communities
(EEC)-colonialism would help, in the words of
Robert Schuman, to " revitalize " Europe as a whole
and to secure peace and prosperity on the continent
([33] also see Schuman Declaration).
Reflections by decolonial scholars of political
economy and European studies thus raise the analytical
question of how Brussels' current efforts to
create a trustworthy AI market in Europe tie in with
this " long-forgotten or suppressed " history of the
European project [33]. We propose four lines of
inquiry here:
1. Examine the interaction of EU AIT regulation with
the global political economy of AITs' physical
infrastructures and the deep inequalities it generates.
Critical AI scholars have described the
extractive industry that supports AIT production
as a new form of colonialism where the production
of capitalist surplus for a handful of big tech
companies draws on large-scale exploitation
of the soil, minerals, and other resources (e.g.,
[17]). The proposed EU regulation does not
May/June 2022
address the harm that occurred in other parts of
the world through the vast environmental and
social costs of mineral and resource extraction
and energy consumption for large-scale computing
[14], [19], [71]. Indeed, the draft regulation
says little to nothing about the conditions under
which AITs are produced at all; the colonial
political economy that sustains conditions of
production, in which the " high-value " (scientific
and design) elements of AIT design and development
remain firmly in the hands of metropolitan
centers.
2. Examine the interaction of EU AI regulation with
the global political economy of AITs' labor infrastructures
and the deep inequalities it generates.
Especially significant here is the underplayed
importance of " intelligence " of AIT applications
and how this draws on the underpaid not-so-artificial
human labor by hyper-flexible click workers-themselves
in racialized and subordinated
positions in the wider colonial political economy,
primarily, but not only, in the global South
[3], [58]. The AIT economy is one in which
highly precarious working conditions for gig
economy " click " workers are both necessary to
the business models of AIT companies, and at
the same time, are ever more closely produced
by them (see [55]).
The question for us is: does EU AI regulation
seek to and can it actually improve the global
conditions for an environmentally sustainable
AI production? At the same time, the EU's tendency
to dominate product regulation in many
domains also raises concerns about growing
asymmetries of economic and political power in
the global market, with firms and national regulators
in the global South at the receiving end
of Brussels' dictum of what " good " or " ethical "
products are. As Bradford [10] writes: the EU
regulatory approach, " relying on economic and
bureaucratic tools of dominion over countries
that are dependent on access to its vast domestic
market, " can be charged with neo-colonialism.
3. Systematically examine the interaction with EU
regulation with the specifically racialized social
conditions of AIT production and use. Research
on algorithmic bias and its interaction with wider
societal patterns of discrimination is acknowledged,
in image recognition, recommender
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