IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 72

"robot" is a moving target as a definition, just like most
terminology in other fast-paced technologies. While, at
times the word "robot" lacks the necessary inclusion of
a wider span of mechanical and/or hybrid forms of artificial life that humans may interact with, it provides a
solid baseline. In this article, HRI encompasses the
human being's attitude and behavior towards all types
of artificial, technology-based lifeform's, and their attributes, such as their physiology, integrated technology,
and forms of interaction [3].
Embodiment: This refers to experiences arising
from a living body based on interactions with the environment. It also refers to autonomous agents' understanding of these experiences and activities, based on
their sensory input [4]. For our purpose with this article,
we also look at this as a description of the personification of the technical construct forming the basis for the
autonomous "Robotics/AI Legal Entity" (RAiLE).
Embodied Interaction: This is the concept of the
experience of or about an object. It refers to the natural
way of involving the user's physical body in interaction
with any form of technology, for instance the use of gestures, expressions and/or verbal signals [5].
Socially Interactive Robots: We define this as an
artificial lifeform or robot where the social interaction is
a key component and reason for their existence [6].

The Role of Human-Robot Interaction
The science of research into HRI is often seen as what we
consider to be a robot and how we as humans can make
this artificial embodiment of technology function to serve
or assist us. This conception correlates closely to our
human perspective on day-to-day human computer interaction (HCI) as a basis for the development for graphical
user interfaces (GUI). We look for efficiency, depending on
the envisaged user area, but also for acceptability of the
technological embodiment from a human point of view.
The baseline here is that we as humans emphasize development of technological embodiments that are acceptable to our human senses, and that also meet and/or
fulfil the needs of the human it interacts with [3].
In studies on HRI there are multidisciplinary contributions from the areas of HCI, AI, robotics, understanding of languages, and social sciences. (See also [7].) The
cross- disciplinary approach that goes beyond the starting point of computer science and engineering via HCI
development, and into areas of more complex interaction between human and the robot as a purely mechanical entity largely due to our expanding areas of
utilization, leads us to "social robotics" and HRI. With
additional integration into this area of HRI, of complex
cognitive sciences (i.e., the scientific study of the mind
and its processes), we move into the area of what has
been termed socially interactive robots [6], [8].

72

Socially Interactive Robots
Social interaction is a cornerstone for the development
of human society, and as we can see from recent political upheavals it can be a major driving force behind
changes in our society, and to changes in our daily
social life. With the development of the Cloud and new
interactive, technological tools used for encountering,
communicating, and collaborating with others, our
social interaction is being transformed [39]. This creates
a different relationship to, and a certain dependency on,
the technology used, on a daily basis, for instant social
interaction via for example MySpace, Facebook, Skype,
and Twitter, using connected, online, portable devices
such as mobile phones, tablets, etc. The individual person's standard for and expertise in social interaction,
particularly within younger generations, is morphing
from traditional, physical face-to-face contact into re mote "face-to-face" using technology [40].
As part of this transition our dependence on social
interaction becomes related to the tool used as much as
to the individual. This technological dependency for
social interaction causes us to develop a special, and at
times very emotional, relationship with our technological devices [9]. An interesting example of these new
emotional bonds, based on HRI is, for example in 2015
a Sony produced "Aibo" robot dog that was the recipient
of funeral rites at a temple near Tokyo in Japan [10].
Some of the key aspects to this bond are based on
traditional HCI parameters for technology interaction,
such as ways to make the interaction effortless (i.e.,
touch screen), fun (emoji's), and enjoyable (i.e., interacting with anyone you choose at any time of your choice).
All this leads to a positive experience and a feeling of
accomplishment via the use of technology. These parameters, established to create a seemingly effortless opportunity for social-related interaction between a human and
technology, are a key aspect of current and future interaction of humans with social robots [4].
What is then our definition of a socially interactive
robot? The most basic description is the one provided
by Fong et al., stating that these are robots whose prime
function and role is social interaction [11]. The key is
that these robots use human-based communication
modes like speech and body language and even facial
expressions [12], thereby creating the capability and
opportunity for an effortless mode of HRI.

Defining the Robotics/AI Legal Entity (RAiLE)
The very rapid development of AI and related areas of
research such as cognitive science has major implications for our perceptions of current and future HRI [4]. A
key component to achieve the purpose of our continued
research, as well as for this article, is for us to initially
establish a relevant definition for some form of feasible,

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