IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022 - 54

Feature
Whose Privacy,
What Surveillance?
Dimensions of the
Mental Models for
Privacy and Security
Jordan Schoenherr
Department of Psychology, Concordia University,
Loyola Campus, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
Department of Psychology and Institute of Data
Science, Carleton University, Ottawa,
ON K1S 5B6, Canada
 Ethics in cybErsEcurity is traditionally considered
in terms of computer and information ethics
and, more recently, cyber warfare [1]-[4]. Although
these remain the dominant paradigms there has
been growing dissatisfaction with the adequacy of
the warfare metaphor in capturing the social and
ethical features of arrangements of cybersecurity
and as a means to inform design [5], [6]. The result
has been an increased focus on a distinct ethics of
cybersecurity [7], [8]. Complimenting ethical analyses,
social cognitive factors that affect users must
also be taken into account [9]. For instance, security
issues are based on the concepts of identity, social
relationships, and the networks that define them
(e.g., [10]).
In that cybersecurity requires the monitoring
and regulation of network activity, it is frequently
defined by issues related to surveillance such as
tradeoffs between privacy and security [11]-[14].
Alternatively, security can also be understood as
protecting privacy, by ensuring networks are free
from malicious programs and agents that wish to
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MTS.2022.3147536
Date of current version: 9 March 2022.
54
0278-0097/22©2022 IEEE
alter, appropriate, or destroy user data [15]. Thus,
while these considerations might be classified as
nonfunctional requirements [16] or " soft goals "
[17] of design, accounting for them is necessary to
ensure that users trust these systems and comply
with appropriate cyber hygiene practices [18]-[20].
Cybersecurity and surveillance technologies
reflect sociotechnical systems that require the sustained
interaction between human and computer
systems. In these systems, humans adopt and adapt
different roles (e.g., users and developers), each
with their own sets of norms and conventions.
Understanding the influence of values is critical
in the development of secure systems and ensuring
users comply with appropriate cyber hygiene.
Following a brief review of the norms and conventions
of information and computer science (ICS)1
and their professional organizations, the present
study considers user's mental representations of
" security " and " privacy. " Despite concerns often
raised about surveillance, small-scale monitoring
and regulation of behavior is a persistent feature of
human psychology and social organizations [21],
1Here, I use the term ICS professionals to encompass computer science, software
engineers, and other related groups.
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022

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