IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022 - 55

[22]. This paper argues that ICS professionals must
be capable of understand users' mental models of
privacy and security.
Perceiving the ethical affordances of
software
At the core of science and engineering are sets
of human values [23]-[25]. Values such as testability,
replicability, and so on are central features to the
practice of science. While these concerns were at the
core of early ICS [26], this is not typically the case in
contemporary practice [27], [28]. Nevertheless, the
ICS must consider the ethical dimensions of their
practice that include basic features of professionalism
(e.g., accuracy and reliability) and social issues
(e.g., sustainability, fairness, etc.).
At a high level, ICS professional organizations
have developed recommendations to address ethics
in design. For instance, IEEE [29] has developed
" high-level ethical principles " for autonomous and
intelligent systems, which include human rights,
well-being, data agency, effectiveness, transparency,
accountability, misuse, and competence.
Privacy also plays a key role in the ACM Code of
Ethics and Professional Conduct. They note that an
ICS professional should understand concepts of privacy
and associated rights (1.6). Crucially, the ACM
also speaks to issues directly related to cybersecurity
and surveillance. For instance, the ACM's [30]
state that:
...computing professionals should not access
another's computer system, software, or data without
a reasonable belief that such an action would
be authorized or a compelling belief that it is consistent
with the public good.... Under exceptional
circumstances a computing professional may use
unauthorized access to disrupt or inhibit the functioning
of malicious systems; extraordinary precautions
must be taken in these instances to avoid
harm to others (2.8).
While a useful starting point, this approach does
not explicitly relate to privacy, qualify what the " public
good " represents, or indicate what constitutes a
" reasonable belief, " leaving much to be determined
by ICS professionals. Consequently, we must consider
the extent to ICS professionals are aware, and
implement, ethical practices during system design
and develop.
March 2022
Basic ethical affordances
Rather than simply considering the prescriptive
norms of ICS professionals, we must also consider
general descriptive norms related to developing software
and the specific norms associated with privacy
engineering methods (PEMs).
Errors and vulnerabilities in software

https://www.watchguard.com/wgrd-resource-center/security-report-q1

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022

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