IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022 - 76

Feature
from one place to another, to carry out a cornea
transplant... This type of programming tries to break
down the solution to a given problem into sequential
instructions, repetitions, and alternative paths
(the latter depending on whether certain conditions
are met).
Though the three laws serve as little more than
an introduction to programed ethics-and it is clear
that Asimov only intended to use them as a literary
device-there have been preliminary attempts
to implement them in a humanoid programmable
robot [4]. However, even admitting the technical
difficulties could be overcome at some point, it has
also been argued that they would be an unsatisfactory
basis for machine ethics [5].
Learned ethics
The truth is that trying to understand ethics in that
way, tightly bound within a code that is capable of
contemplating all possible cases when faced with
them (which is what a program does) is quite problematic,
as recent surveys on machine ethics demonstrate
[6]-[8]. That is why another approach has
emerged, hand in hand with developments in AI. An
approach that we can call implicit or learned ethics.
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
they have developed an experiment to " learn how
to make machines moral " [9]. They have named the
project The Moral Machine, which is presented as
follows (see Figure 2):
Welcome to the Moral Machine! A platform for
gathering a human perspective on moral decisions
made by machine intelligence, such as
self-driving cars.
Figure 1. Three Laws of Robotics by Isaac
Asimov.
We show you moral dilemmas, where a driverless
car must choose the lesser of two evils, such as
killing two passengers or five pedestrians. As an outside
observer, you judge which outcome you think
is more acceptable. You can then see how your
responses compare with those of other people.
If you're feeling creative, you can also design
your own scenarios, for you and other users to
browse, share, and discuss.
Figure 2. Presentation of the MIT's Moral Machine.
76
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IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022

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