IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 45
Public Policy Challenges,
Regulations, Oversight,
Technical, and Ethical
Considerations for
Autonomous Systems:
A Survey
Neshat Elhami Fard, Rastko R. Selmic ,
and Khashayar Khorasani
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Concordia University
Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
One Of the main features of autonomous control
systems is solving complicated optimization
problems without human intervention in the presence
of uncertainty in real time [1]. Autonomous
systems (ASs) must have the recognition and discretion
potency, evaluation and estimate authority,
and decision-making power to independently perform
various tasks in a dynamic environment [2].
These systems have a variety of sensors to understand
environmental information so that they can
distinguish, evaluate, and make decisions based on
them [2]. In addition to an autonomous single-agent
system, the AS can be designed in the form of multiagents
to identify high-risk, hazardous, or inaccessible
areas [3], [4]. Robotics and AS fields have led
to significant advances in a wide range of areas,
including unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs),
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MTS.2023.3241315
Date of current version: 7 March 2023.
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned maritime
vehicles (UMVs), artificial intelligence (AI),
and self-learning machines [5]. Navigation [6], [7],
3-D path following [8] for autonomous underwater
vehicles (AUVs), AUVs for oceanographic research
[9], and rescue robots [10] have benefited from the
development of autonomy.
Providing more autonomy is directly related to
the security of such systems. If an AS is compromised,
virtual and physical problems occur that lead
to lost data, loss of communications, and damage or
loss of the system [11]. To ensure a proper operation,
robot operating system (ROS) security features
are optimized by utilizing encrypted communications
and semantic rules [12].
Decision making in all types of ASs is another significant
issue. An always-present dilemma- " which
decision should be made by the software system,
and which one should be taken by the human. " Software
developers have a responsibility in answering
the above question to design ASs [13].
March 2023
0278-0097/23©2023 IEEE
45
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9345-8077
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IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023
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