IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 68

Feature
tripartite subdomain of engineering ethics. One facet
of the field is centered around the as-yet-speculative
idea of robots as self-aware, morally reasoning entities;
the second has to do with the code that is programed
into robots in an effort to make them behave
in an ethical manner; and the third is known as roboethics
and deals with the choices of the roboticist
[31]. It should be noted that philosophers Saetra and
Danaher [32] advocate the nonproliferation of ethical
subdomains for different technologies and thus
recommend that robot ethics be treated as a case
study of engineering ethics to avoid: 1) repetition of
the same work in different subdomains and 2) ignorance
of results discovered in already established
fields. As of yet, there is, fortunately, no redundancy
between engineering ethics work on job obsolescence
and that in roboethics.
Despite popular attention being paid to the topic,
the field of robot ethics has been largely quiet about
job displacement. Perhaps, this is because practitioners
of robotics and automation subscribe to the popular
view, believing that the increases in productivity
from their technology provide a net benefit via lower
prices and higher demand, and so have no qualms.
Alternatively, Sullins [33] attributes the deficiency to
the mere fact that industrial robots and automated
systems have little interaction with people and thus
the ethical implications are easily ignored. Zawieska
and Vermuelen [34] state that the best way
to interest roboticists in ethics is to have them see
it as an exercise in anticipating incipient technologies
and their effects and then guiding the work in
those areas, so a third possible explanation of why
most work in robot ethics has dealt with the development
and implications of novel robotic capabilities
instead of effects on labor is that job obsolescence is
a concern that has been around for a long time (and
new technology is merely exacerbating it). Whether
owing to one of these reasons, a combination of
them, or something else, there exists little roboethics
work about the design of job-replacing technology.
Topics in robot ethics literature can be lumped
into either
* surveys of robotic fields of ethical concern and
general robot ethics or
* investigations of one of the following questions:
- If a robot is being used, where does legal
responsibility for its actions lie?
- Can robots be moral?
68
- How can moral robots be designed?
- Assuming robots are not moral, how can they
be designed to behave morally in a certain
domain?
- Should robots be used to do a given task?
An interesting finding from a work falling into
the first of these broad categories is that the feelings
about robot ethics among people involved in
related fields are, like robot ethics itself, tripartite:
they believe either that: 1) robotics does not require
any ethical calculation; 2) the ethical concerns only
extend to the immediate use of the robot (e.g., it
would be wrong to create a pickpocketing robot);
or 3) robotics has attendant long-term ethical issues
[35]. One group falling into bin C is the European
Robotics Research Network (EURON). It founded
the Roboethics Atelier in 2005 to chart a course for
the field in hopes of addressing concerns before
problems arise. One result was the " EURON Roboethics
Roadmap, " which " embodies the contributions
of more than 50 scientists and technologists,
in many fields of investigations from sciences and
humanities " [36]. The roadmap is an open work that
identifies topics in robotics research and development
likely to involve ethical issues. Its taxonomy
lists " loss of workplaces " as one problem inherent in
industrial robotics.
Similar to the " Roboethics Roadmap, " Royakkers
et al. [37] identify numerous robot-related ethical
issues without applying ethical theories to them.
Example issues include the extent to which it is " ethically
acceptable to delegate the responsibility for
moral decisions to robots, " as in the case of autonomous
cars or military robots; privacy with robots in
the home; and dehumanization, such as is possible
when robots act as caregivers or in debates about
whether robot-related economic growth outweighs
the job destruction.
Another survey is provided by Sullins [33], who
additionally describes numerous ethical theories
and provides examples of how they might be applied
to robotics research. Open ethical questions in
robotics research are identified for future work. Job
displacement is mentioned but dismissed as being
in the relatively distant future and also an ambiguous
topic since opinions are divided as to the net
effects robotization has on workers [33].
A review of literature pertaining to the questions,
" How can a robot be programmed to make
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023

Contents
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - Contents
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 4
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 5
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 6
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 7
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 8
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 9
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 10
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 11
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 12
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 13
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 14
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 15
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 16
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 17
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 18
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 19
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 20
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 21
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 22
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 23
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 24
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 25
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 26
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 27
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 28
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 29
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 30
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 31
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 32
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 33
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 34
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 35
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 36
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 37
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 38
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 39
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 40
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 41
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 42
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 43
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 44
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 45
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 46
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 47
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 48
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 49
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 50
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 51
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 52
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 53
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 54
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 55
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 56
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 57
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 58
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 59
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 60
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 61
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 62
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 63
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 64
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 65
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 66
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 67
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 68
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 69
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 70
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 71
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 72
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 73
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 74
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 75
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 76
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 77
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 78
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 79
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 80
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 81
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 82
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 83
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - 84
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2023 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com