IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 75

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Pawel Laskowski for his
help in developing the Android smartphone application, Prof. Graham Parkhurst at the Centre for Transport and Society (CTS) at the University of West of
England (UWE) and Mr. Chris Donnelly from the transport team managing the car parks at UWE for their
assistance in facilitating the trial at UWE. This research
was supported by the EPSRC funded Industrial Doctorate Centre in Systems (Grant EP/G037353/1) and the
EU REPLICATE project (under the aegis of EU's Horizon
2020 program under grant agreement No. [691735]).
The corresponding author wishes to gratefully acknowledge the support (Grant No. G00003219) of the United
Arab Emirates University.

Author Information
Aftab Khan and Mahesh Sooriyabandara are with the Bristol Research & Innovation Laboratory, Toshiba Europe
Ltd., U.K. Email: aftab.khan@toshiba-bril.com; mahesh@
toshiba-bril.com.
Parag Kulkarni is with the College of IT, United Arab
Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE. Email: parag@
uaeu.ac.ae.
Ian Shergold is with the University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, U.K. Email: Ian2.shergold@uwe.ac
.uk.
Michael Jones and Marko Dogramadzi are with the University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. Email: mj14472@bristol
.ac.uk; md15006.2015@bristol.ac.uk.
Pietro Carnelli is with the Bristol Research & Innovation Laboratory, Toshiba Europe Ltd., U.K., and with the
University of Bristol. Email: pietro.carnelli@toshiba-bril
.com.

References

[1] D. C. Shoup, "Cruising for parking," Transport Policy, vol. 13, no. 6,
pp. 479-486, 2006.
[2] L. Morris and S. Haywood, "G222(p) why do patient miss appointments?
A retrospective population study in paediatric outpatients in a metropolitan
hospital," Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 99, no. Suppl 1, pp.
A96-A96, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://adc.bmj.com/content/99/
Suppl_1/A96.2.
[3] G. Pierce, H. Willson, and D. Shoup, "Optimizing the use of public
garages: Pricing parking by demand," Transport Policy, vol. 44, pp. 89-
95, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0967070X15300366.
[4] San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, "SFpark: Pilot Project
Evaluation," San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, San Francisco, US, Tech. Rep., 2014. [Online]. Available: sfpark.org/wp-content/
uploads/2014/06/SFpark_Pilot_Project_Evaluation.pdf.
[5] T. Lin, H. Rivano, and F. Le Mouel, "A survey of Smart Parking solutions,"
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2017.
[6] S. Funck, N. Mohler, and W. Oertel, "Determining car-park occupancy
from single images," in Proc. 2004 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, pp. 325-328, 2004.

SEPTEMBER 2020

∕

[7] S. Mathur, T. Jin, N. Kasturirangan, J. Chandrashekharan, W. Xue, M.
Gruteser, and W. Trappe, "ParkNet: Drive-by sensing of road-side parking
statistics," in Proc. MobiSys. ACM, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www
.winlab.rutgers.edu/~gruteser/papers/mathur_parknet10.pdf.
[8] L. Stenneth, O. Wolfson, B. Xu, and P. S. Yu, "PhonePark: Street parking
using mobile phones," Proc. Mobile Data Management, 2012.
[9] R. Salpietro, L. Bedogni, M. Di Felice, and L. Bononi, "Park Here! A smart
parking system based on smartphones' embedded sensors and short range
communication technologies," in Proc. IEEE WF-IoT, 2015.
[10] S. Nawaz, C. Efstratiou, and C. Mascolo, "ParkSense: A smartphone
based sensing system for on-street parking," in Proc. MobiCom. Cambridge: ACM, 2013.
[11] P. Carnelli, J. Yeh, M. Sooriyabandara, and A. Khan, "ParkUs : A novel
vehicle parking detection system," in Proc. AAAI Conf. Innovative
Applications (San Francisco, CA), 2017, pp. 4650-4656.
[12] M. Jones, A. Khan, P. Kulkarni, P. Carnelli, and M. Sooriyabandara,
"Parkus 2.0: Automated cruise detection for parking availability inference,"
in Proc. MobiQuitous 2017-14th EAI Int. Conf. Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, 2017.
[13] N. Y. Hammerla and T. Plötz, "Let's (not) stick together: Pairwise similarity biases cross-validation in activity recognition," in Proc. 2015 ACM Int.
Joint Conf. Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, ser. UbiComp
'15. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015, pp. 1041-1051. [Online]. Available:
http: //doi.acm.org/10.1145/2750858.2807551.
[14] G. Fontaras, N.-G. Zacharof, and B. Ciuffo, "Fuel consumption and CO2
emissions from passenger cars in Europe - Laboratory versus real-world
emissions," Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 60,
pp. 97-131, 2017.
[15] A. Crowther, "Improving Public Health: Bristol Clean Air Plan - Outline
Business Case", Oct 2019. [Online]. Available: https://democracy.bristol
.gov.uk/documents/s42665/BCC%20CAZ%20OBC%201%20-%20
Clean%20Air%20Cabinet%20Report%2028%20Oct%202019.pdf.
[16] J.E. Dickinson, T. Cherrett, J.F. Hibbert, C. Winstanley, D. Shingleton, N.
Davies, S. Norgate, and C. Speed, "Fundamental challenges in designing a
collaborative travel app," Transport Policy, vol. 44, pp 28-36, 2015.
[17] N. J. Starkey, S. G. Charlton, N. Malhotra, E. Lehtonen, "Drivers'
response to speed warnings provided by a smart phone app," Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 110, pp 209-221,
2020.
[18] O. Musicant and T. Lotan, "Can novice drivers be motivated to use a
smartphone based app that monitors their behavior?," Transportation
Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol 42, part 3,
pp. 544-557, 2016.
[19] S. Poslad, A. Ma, Z. Wang, and H. Mei, "Using a smart city IoT to incentivise and target shifts in mobility behaviour-Is it a piece of pie?," Sensors,
vol. 15, pp. 13069-13096, 2015.
[20] A.M. Dastjerdi, S.Kaplan, Joao de Abreu e Silva, O.A. Nielsen, and F.C.
Pereira, "Use intention of mobility-management travel apps: The role of users
goals, technophile attitude and community trust," Transportation Research
Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 126, pp. 114-135, 2019.
[21] W. Yang and P.T.I. Lam, "Evaluation of drivers' benefits accruing from an
intelligent parking information system," J. Cleaner Production, vol. 231,
pp. 783-793, 2019.
[22] S. Ahangari, C. Chavis, M. Jeihani., and Z.R. Moghaddam, "Quantifying
the effect of on-street parking information on congestion mitigation using a
driving simulator," Transportation Res. Record, vol. 2672, no. 8, pp.
920-929, 2018.
[23] C. Piccioni, M. Valtorta, and A. Musso, "Investigating effectiveness of onstreet parking pricing schemes in urban areas: An empirical study in Rome,"
Transport Policy, 2018.
[24] R. Ilhaam, N. Shonhadji, H. Yutano, and D. Ekaningtyas, "Analysis of the
Acceptance Factor of Android Based Parking Information Systems in Indonesia," Communications, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 97-106, 2020.
[25] D. Brown and S. Hong, "A design of an automated parking system on a
smart campus," Issues in Information Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.2937, 2019.


IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

75


http://winlab.rutgers.edu/~gruteser/papers/mathur_parknet10.pdf http://winlab.rutgers.edu/~gruteser/papers/mathur_parknet10.pdf https://www.democracy.bristol.gov.uk/documents/s42665/BCC%20CAZ%20OBC%201%20-%20Clean%20Air%20Cabinet%20Report%2028%20Oct%202019.pdf https://www.democracy.bristol.gov.uk/documents/s42665/BCC%20CAZ%20OBC%201%20-%20Clean%20Air%20Cabinet%20Report%2028%20Oct%202019.pdf https://www.democracy.bristol.gov.uk/documents/s42665/BCC%20CAZ%20OBC%201%20-%20Clean%20Air%20Cabinet%20Report%2028%20Oct%202019.pdf http://adc.bmj.com/content/99/suppl_1/A96.2 http://adc.bmj.com/content/99/suppl_1/A96.2 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X15300366 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X15300366 http://www.sfpark.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/SFpark_Pilot_Project_Evaluation.pdf http://www.sfpark.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/SFpark_Pilot_Project_Evaluation.pdf

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020

Contents
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - Contents
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 4
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 5
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 6
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 7
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 8
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 9
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 10
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 11
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 12
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 13
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 14
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 15
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 16
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 17
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 18
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 19
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 20
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 21
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 22
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 23
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 24
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 25
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 26
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 27
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 28
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 29
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 30
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 31
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 32
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 33
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 34
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 35
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 36
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 37
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 38
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 39
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 40
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 41
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 42
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 43
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 44
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 45
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 46
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 47
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 48
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 49
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 50
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 51
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 52
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 53
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 54
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 55
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 56
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 57
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 58
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 59
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 60
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 61
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 62
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 63
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 64
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 65
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 66
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 67
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 68
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 69
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 70
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 71
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 72
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 73
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 74
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 75
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 76
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 77
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 78
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 79
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 80
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 81
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 82
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 83
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 84
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 85
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 86
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 87
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 88
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 89
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 90
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 91
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 92
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 93
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 94
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 95
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 96
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 97
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 98
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 99
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - 100
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - Cover3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2020 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com