IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Spring 2014 - 63
Participants
Needs and Activities
and
Disaster Planning
ies
nc
ge
nt A
Manageme
Emergency
nd
ites a
Webs
y
c
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orks
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Fig. 3. Social media in disaster and emergency event.
state something about the world that
has true value, exchange goods and
services, and try to influence other
people's thoughts, attitudes, and
behavior. They respond to others in
proximity or in space-time-culture
distance, maintain social order, and
reproduce cultural norms and values. Therefore, the effects and uses
of social media need to be understood in relation to all aspects of
human communication.
On the other hand, social media
use needs to be analyzed vis-à-vis
the traditional model of disaster
and emergency communication. In
doing so, it is necessary to realize
that this model is based on a number
of implicit assumptions regarding
the participants' roles and functions, institutional norms, cultural
knowledge, and behavior patterns.
Specifically, it has been shaped by
a vision of the population as sharing communicative competence,
being characterized by compliance
and trust, and being familiarized
with relevant rules and protocols (that is, conventional ways
of reacting to warning and alarm
messages, using rescue equipment,
obtaining first aid, and so on).
Recently, these assumptions have
been questioned and re-examined.
Increasing sociocultural diversity,
population mobility, and information/digital inequality make it necessary to consider factors related
to such fundamental aspects of
human communication as communicative competence; patterns
of influence in different types of
human association; and access to
communication channels, new literacies, and the cultural capital.
Therefore, the understanding of
social media use in disaster and
emergency situations needs to be
governed by two questions: how
can social media affect the core
principles of disaster and emergency communication? Can social
media help address the challenges
posed by changing sociocultural
conditions?
Social media use in disaster
planning and emergency management needs to be informed by
IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE
|
SPRING 2014
knowledge about linguistic and
communicative competences of
social and cultural groups; their
access to communication technologies and relevant skills; and
the type of human association,
which determines the audience's
attitudes to sources of information and influence. In particular,
the following issues need to be
addressed:
■ Disaster and emergency communication involves long-term
activities aiming to promote
trust within specific communities and develop appropriate response patterns. This
requires knowledge about different communities' cultural
attitudes, norms, values, and
an awareness of the digital and
information divide.
■ Affected and at-risk population needs specific information.
Local disaster coverage is critical for preparedness, response,
and recovery. This communication should be aimed at specific
population groups.
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63
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