IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2017 - 70

In the military sector we must
question whether we are indeed
witnessing the emerging age of
the human robot.
schema in the human condition
context. If C3 is as traditionally de -
fined above, then:
C4 is Cyber security - if we
embrace C3, we then also need to
ensure that implantable technolo-
gies-and their hosts - are secure,
especially from cyber-attacks.
C5 is Capability - what is the
real capability we are trying to build
in the military context; a super-ath-
lete, a super-spy, etc.? This raises a
myriad of ethical questions relative
to intent.
C6 is Capacity/Condition - there
must be a "body solution" to match
the technology solution. Having
been "enhanced" by the implant-
able, does the "human appliance"
(as R.E. Burnett described the host)
have the physical capacity (body
strength, muscle tone, etc.) and
mental condition to perform to the
expectations expected to achieve
the mission. If not, this could give
rise to CSD beforehand, failure
dur ing operation (through physical

70

exhaustion or mental stress),
or PTSD post-event.
C7 is Consideration (or
Consciousness) - where
C6 addresses the "body
solution," C7 addresses the
"personality solution." Is the
"human appliance" a good
match for the implantable
and the intended result?
C8 is Compromise - what level
of freedom (i.e., autonomy) is given
to the "human appliance" to exer-
cise judgement over the effects (and
commands) of the implantable?
C9 is Confidence - the "human
appliance" must have confidence in
oneself and confidence in the tech-
nology of the implantable to achieve
the tasked mission, which plays
back to vulnerability and the super-
hero mentality (i.e., C4, C5, and C6).
As we delve into the layers of
the onion that represent the socio-
ethical implications of implantable
technologies in the military sec-
tor, we must question whether we
are indeed witnessing the emerg-
ing age of the human robot. If so,
then we are also rapidly approach-
ing the age of the human robotic
soldier, where the boundaries of
"enhancement" and "manipulation"
become obscure in terms of the
level of human autonomy - which
raises ethical questions that are not
beyond our technological capability.

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

For example, a soldier voluntarily
agrees to host an implantable tech-
nology that results in involuntary
actions and results.
Also, other serious issues need
to be addressed; for example, detect-
able versus undetectable applica-
tions. While our home command will
want to trace and interrogate coali-
tion soldiers wearing implantables,
for obvious reasons they will not
want them to be detected by enemy
forces. Because many technology
innovations and applications born
out of military space and programs
eventually find their way into the
public space, we also need to con-
sider other applications, and the
ethics and national security implica-
tions that come with them, including
impacts of scale and manageability,
legal accountability of actions, etc.
These are just some of my thoughts
stimulated by today's Workshop,
which I trust you enjoyed as much as
I did. Congratulations to Katina Michael
and her team on organizing this event
to explore such a controversial and
timely topic.

Author Information
Philip Hall is Principal Fellow, Depart-
ment of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, The University of
Melbourne, Melbourne Australia.

∕

march 2017



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