IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - June 2016 - 79

Google's privacy policy stresses information security,
with many of the services encrypted using Secured
Sockets Layer (SSL) [54], and personal identifying infor-
mation restricted to Google employees and data proces-
sors that need to know the information. Google uses
external data processors to handle most of its data for
research and strips the information of personally identi-
fiable information before sending it to the processor
[16]. To provide a higher level of security for Google
account holders, Google offers a two-step verification
for account access.
However, there is a questionable policy included in
Google's email service that allows their automated sys-
tem to scan all of a user's email [16, para. 16]. This
information is then used to assign targeted ads to the
page, identify spam messages, and target potential mal-
ware. The terms of service does not mention if any of
this information is saved; however it is a worrying prac-
tice in regards to user privacy [16].
Google will share information with agencies if they
believe that the information is needed in order to meet
a governmental request; enforce Terms of Service;
detect or prevent security issues, fraud, or technical
problems; or protect users' rights or prevent harm.
While Google seems to collect and share a reasonable
amount of information, there remains a question of how
long Google will store this information. When a user
decides to delete their account or terminate use of
Google, their information may not be immediately delet-
ed from active servers, and there is a chance that the
information will remain on their backup servers
because it would require a "disproportionate effort" to
remove the information [16, section 6, para. 3].

LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a social networking site geared more
towards a professional network than friends. Users cre-
ate a profile that can serve as a resume with informa-
tion including past work experience, current job, special
skills, awards, and group affiliations. Users also have
the option to allow contacts to endorse them on particu-
lar skills. The platform launched in 2003 and reached
225 million users in 2013 [46].
LinkedIn's privacy policy is not very specific on the
types of information they collect from users. According
to their statement LinkedIn collects various forms of
information which are summarized in Table 1. In addi-
tion to these types of information, LinkedIn also uses
cookies to track user habits on and off their services,
but the statement does not specifically mention what
types of information these cookies help them collect
[33]. Instead, LinkedIn directs the user to a list of eight
different third party web platforms that use cookies
through LinkedIn for the user to view their privacy
june 2016

∕

policies. The opt-out link is also provided for each of
these web platforms [33]. LinkedIn places all informa-
tion the user posts on their site or one of their other ser-
vices as public and viewable by others. LinkedIn keeps
all contact information private and does not share it
with other users or third parties. There is no reference
to how LinkedIn handles information related to the user
device, Internet Protocol (IP) address, and Internet Ser-
vice Provider (ISP)/mobile carrier [33].
LinkedIn does provide access to its Application Pro-
tocol Interface (API) for third parties providing they pay
for the access, with which they can use to look up a

The user may opt out of most
any information disclosure
at any time.

user's profile based on their name and email address.
All of the user's data is protected by SSL encryption
over mobile devices. For non-mobile devices LinkedIn
has the option of Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTPS) and uses SSL encryption for all sensitive infor-
mation such as payment information. However, no com-
munications between LinkedIn members are encrypted
on LinkedIn regardless of the type of information that is
exchanged [33].
In the case of information disclosure to law enforce-
ment, LinkedIn will share any information necessary in
the case of a subpoena, to protect safety/rights of oth-
ers, enforce the privacy policies, and to respond to the
violation of third party's rights [33]. The user may opt-
out of most any information disclosure at any time, as
well as tracking for advertising purposes. The privacy
policy frequently references the ability to opt-out and
directs the user to the correct place to do so. When a
user decides to delete their account their information is
removed from their services in 24 hours. Within 30 days
all information located in back up servers has all per-
sonally identifiable information stripped, though the rest
of the data remains intact [33].

Twitter
Twitter is a micro-blogging site that allows users to cre-
ate profiles and instantly broadcast short statements to
the world. These statements have a limit of 140 charac-
ters and can include hyperlinks, videos, pictures, and
hashtags. Hashtags help sort tweets into categories for
users to easily find later. Twitter was founded in 2006

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

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