IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2016 - 68

Future Relations
between Humans
and Artificial
Intelligence
A Stakeholder Opinion Survey in Japan
Arisa Ema, Naonori Akiya, Hirotaka Osawa, Hiromitsu Hattori, Shinya Oie,
Ryutaro Ichise, Nobutsugu Kanzaki, Minao Kukita, Reina Saijo,
Otani Takushi, Naoki Miyano, and Yoshimi Yashiro

C

oncern about the potential benefits and risks of artificial intelligence (AI) has given impetus to
the establishment of AI research.
AI requires responsible research
and innovation (RRI) with the collaboration of various stakeholders, including the public, from the early stages [1].
However, stakeholders may have different opinions
about AI and human-machine relations. We aim to
discuss these viewpoints by conducting a questionnaire survey, and to suggest perspectives on future
collaborations among stakeholders.

Defining Human-Machine Relations
A definition of artificial intelligence is critical in conducting a questionnaire survey on human-machine relations. Previous studies define future machines
incorporating AI as "one[s] that can carry out most
human professions at least as well as a typical human"
[2] or "machines to carry out decision-making and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MTS.2016.2618719
Date of publication: 12 December 2016

68

1932-4529/16©2016IEEE

thought processes similar to humans" [3]. Although
machines have already exceeded the abilities of
humans in some fields, they still cannot think and learn
like humans do. In addition, technology and social
norms will be co-designed through human-machine
interactions, and both technology and moral standards
will undergo change [4]. Therefore, rather than discuss
the future of human-machine relations, it is important
to investigate existing gaps in the views of various
stakeholders in order to co-design technology that is
compatible with changing social norms. The European
model of Responsible Research and Innovation includes
researchers, policy makers, business people, innovators, and the public as representative stakeholders [1].
However, with future machines, we cannot ignore the
contribution of science fiction (SF) to the field of AI
because many AI researchers have publicly stated how
SF has influenced their research (e.g., Minsky has stated
that he pays attention to SF writers [5]). Therefore, by
including people from the SF writing community, this
survey aims to analyze human-machine relations under
different scenarios and among various stakeholders. It
is noted that this is a preliminary investigation, and an
additional survey will be conducted in the near future.

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

∕

DECember 2016



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