IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2016 - 71

Table 2. Demographics of Participating Groups. age was answered on a Seven-Point Scale
("Teen-age" = 1 to "60 and Over" = 7).
IMS

SSH

PM

SF

Non IMS

Public

Number

110

112

79

45

455

500

male %

88%

77%

86%

78%

91%

50%

Avg. age

3.76

4.22

4.65

4.53

3.92

4.05

edu. Lv (Univ/
Grad. school) %

8% / 90%

14% / 82%

15% / 82%

62% / 24%

5% / 93%

41% / 6%

73%
20%
5%
2%

63%
13%
9%
10%

44%
22%
22%
1%

16%
24%
0%
38%

66%
15%
15%
2%

No data
32%
No data
No data

JsAi: 36%, info.
processing society
of Japan: 23%

JsRpim: 27%,
JAcAp: 10%,
Jssts: 10%

JsRpim: 23%,
No society:
13%

No society:
71%

Various

No data

Affiliation
University
private co.
public org.
independent
main
Academic society

Results
Grouping of Respondents
Except for "the public" stakeholders collected by the
online survey company, grouping the participants
according to their expertise was required as there were
several nonrelevant stakeholders in a LISTSERV. For
example, anyone can join The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence LISTSERV; hence, the list includes persons other than ICT researchers. By asking respondents
about their approach toward IMS and judging from the
main academic society to which they were affiliated, we
omitted 21 unclassifiable respondents and categorized
801 participants into five groups as follows: 1) IMS
researchers studying science and engineering approaches, 2) SSH researchers, 3) PMs and funding agencies,
4) SF writers/editors/critics, and 5) those other than IMS
researchers with science and engineering approaches.
After adding a new group, 6) the public collected by the
online survey company, we compared the six groups.
Table 2 indicates the numbers and demographics of
each group. Except for the public stakeholders, the
majority of the participants were men in their mid-thirties or forties. Moreover, except for the SF and public
groups, holders of graduate degrees formed the majority,
whose major affiliations were with universities.

Images of the Extent of Use of IMS Before
and After Ten Years
The questionnaire first described the definition of IMS
and then asked whether the respondents had the impression that the popularity of IMS has increased compared to
DECember 2016

∕

its status ten years ago (2005) and will continue to grow
in the next ten years. In all six groups, while 20%
answered that they considered IMS to have spread
through the society "a lot" in the last ten years, 40-50%
considered this to be "so-so." However, over the coming
ten years, 40% of the public consider that IMS will spread
"a lot" and 40% "so-so," while the remaining groups
believe that IMS will spread "a lot" (60%) or "so-so" (30%).

Acceptable IMS in Various Scenarios
and the Associated Reasons
The cross tabulation quantitative analysis reveals that
stakeholder groups have significantly different perceptions regarding every future scenario (p < 0.0001). To conveniently show the tendencies of all scenarios assessed
by the six groups, we treated the options of humanmachine relations as an ordinal scale and calculated the
mean. All "do not know" answers were omitted to calculate the mean; however, it is noted that compared to
various professional groups that seldom chose this
option (a maximum of 5% in the military scenario),
approximately 10-15% of the public answered that they
"do not know." Figure 1 indicates this tendency, and it
shows the following:
The public tends to choose option 1 (only humans
should act in all scenarios), compared to other groups. In
contrast, SF writers/editors/critics and IMS researchers
are eager to choose option 4 (rely on IMS almost completely). Compared to SSH researchers, PMs and funding
agencies are closer to IMS researchers and SF writers/editors/critics in terms of their responses regarding driving,
disaster prevention, military activities, and elder care.

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

71



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