IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2016 - 72

3.5
IMS
SF

SSH
Non IMS

PM
Public

3

2.5

2

1.5

Life Event Decision-making

Creative Activities

Child Nursing

Healthcare

Elderly Care

Military Activities

Disaster Prevention

Driving

1

FIguRe 1. The result showing the tendencies of all eight
scenarios by the six groups. The upper side of the figure indicates
that they tend to answer to 4) "rely on IMS" rather than 1) "only
humans should act in each scenario."

Among the eight scenarios, people believe that driving, disaster prevention, and military activities are more
acceptable for option 4 (rely on IMS almost completely),
compared to other activities. The reasons for their
choices included the following: because it reduces mistakes, because it is more realistic, and because it is
more reliable. However, these options were chosen by

the people who selected 1 (only humans should do) as
well. They stated that humans made fewer mistakes and
were more reliable than machines. Decision-making
about life events and creative activities were considered
by all groups to be activities coming under option 1
(only humans should do).
Among the eight scenarios, opinions on "driving" varied. The quantitative analysis reveals that stakeholder
groups had significantly different perceptions regarding
a future "driving" scenario (Chi-square = 177.903, p <
0.0001). Figure 2 illustrates that only 10% of the public
preferred option 4 (rely on IMS almost completely). On
the contrary, approximately four times more people
from the IMS researchers and SF writers/editors/critics
groups answered that they would accept extensive reliance of the society on IMS.
On the face sheet, we used yes/no questions to understand whether respondents had experience in child rearing, elder care, driving, creative activity, and health care.
We used cross tabulation analysis and found that people
who had experience in child rearing tended to answer
that only humans should do the activities involved (option
1), compared to those who did not have any such experience (Chi-square = 30.816, p < 0.0001). Figure 3 illustrates that this tendency is particularly significant among
IMS researchers (Chi-square = 10.108, p < 0.0177). In contrast, people who have experience in driving (Chi-square
= 17.778, p < 0.0014), health care (Chi-square = 43.038,
p < 0.0001), and creative artwork (Chi-square = 10.111,
p < 0.0386) tended to select option 2 (humans take the
initiative and use IMS as a tool). However, no such significance was found regarding elder care (Figure 4).

Preferred Direction of IMS Development

Since IMS had a broad definition, its directions of development are diverse. We asked the following three questions
of all respondents regarding the
direction to be promoted in IMS
research and development (R&D)
SF
for the coming ten years: should
IMS
research be focused on 1) scientific discoveries or problem solvPM
ing?, 2) as automatic machines
Non IMS
or IMS as a tool in the agency of
SSH
humans?, and 3) basic research
or applied research? Although
Public
the answers varied according to
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
by groups, overall, the majority of
(%)
respondents answered that the
1) Only Humans Should do
3) IMS Takes the Initiative
R&D of IMS should focus on
2) Humans Take the Initiative
4) Almost Totally Rely on IMS
problem-solving research and
5) Don't Know
the use of IMS as a tool/in the
agency of humans and be based
FIguRe 2. The figure illustrates the answer to the "driving" scenario among all six groups.
on basic research.

72

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

∕

DECember 2016



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