Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - 18
18
or a low fever-and go away within a few
days, the CDC says.
It's a small risk for a major reward to
human health.
" You see the effects of vaccines throughout
society, " says René Najera, DrPH, editor of The
History of Vaccines, an educational site created
by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.
" You see diseases that were once devastating to
entire populations and are almost eradicated. "
Development
and Initial Testing
There are different ways to make a
vaccine. In general, vaccines contain pieces or
versions of viruses or bacteria that have been
killed or weakened so they don't make you sick.
Vaccine development starts in the lab. Once
scientists have a vaccine that looks promising
in initial lab tests, researchers can move on to
animal testing, according to the CDC.
" You start testing in animals, or you run
computer simulations based off previous testing in animals, " Najera says.
(The Food and Drug Administration, which
has to license or approve a vaccine before
it can be used in the U.S., says research and
development are underway to reduce the need
for animal testing and ultimately work toward
a replacement. But the organization says animal testing is still necessary in many areas.)
If initial results show that a vaccine is safe
in animals and likely to be safe in people,
researchers move on to clinical trials with volunteers, Najera says.
The FDA reviews plans for clinical
trials to ensure they adhere to the
highest scientific and ethical standards. Trials
typically have three phases.
Phase 1 trials involve small groups of
volunteers-often between 20 and 100-
and focus on safety and monitoring for bad
side effects.
If things go well in Phase 1, testing moves
to Phase 2, which typically involves giving the
vaccine to a few hundred volunteers.
" You check to see if they develop antibodies " and continue to monitor for negative
SPRING 2021 VIM & VIGOR
Years it took
to develop the
mumps vaccine,
the fastest
before COVID-19
Source:
The History
of Vaccines
ILLUSTRATION BY STUART KINLOUGH/IKON IMAGES
Clinical Trials
4
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021
Contents
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - Cover1
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - Cover2
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - Contents
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - 2
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - 3
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - 4
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - 5
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - 6
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Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - Cover3
Vim & Vigor - Spring 2021 - Cover4
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