IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 24

NG1
190 kW

13.2 kV

NG2
190 kW

PV
30 kW

energy-storage units can either be
distributed or centralized in a
microgrid. the distributed ess not
only actively manages and controls
the functions of the storage devices
to provide power support to local
loads but also tries to maximize its
life, efficiency, and safety. it also
communicates to the upper-layer
control unit such as the supervisory
control unit to perform other
advanced operations. a centralized
ess is typically observed in a smaller
microgrid but typically when some
critical facilities are involved. it usually performs similarly to a main
backup power supply in the event of
bulk grid blackout. a higher energy
and power level is needed to support
the whole system from couple of
minutes to hours.

Wind
2.5 kW

Utility
Grid
Transformer
13.2 kV/0.480 kV

Static
Switch

M
Chiller 3
400 hp
M

M

M

Air
Water Chilled
Compressor Pump Water
10 hp
30 hp Process
Pump 3
10 hp

M

M

Energy
Storage
Battery System
250 kW

Tower Chilled
Sweep Water
Pump Loop
40 hp Pump 3
200 hp

energy-Storage Technologies

Figure 2. The configuration of the Fort Sill microgrid.

energy to smooth the power intermittency and make
wind power more compatible with grids and microgrids.
Novel topologies for solar PV converters are being proposed and discussed for integrating batteries into solar PV
systems to make them capable of providing continuous
power during a cloudy day. for microgrid planning, various projects have focused on the optimization of the allocation of esss for microgrids. there is research underway
aimed at determining the optimal location and size for
energy storage within a microgrid so that a minimal cost
and system energy loss can be achieved while microgrid
reliability and surety are improved.

energy storage with newer battery
technologies has become a reality.
the lead-acid battery-based technology has been replaced by lithium-ion (li-ion) technology and
many other alternatives. there are currently several types
of energy-storage technologies with different characteristics, e.g., energy and power density, efficiency, cost, lifetime,
and response time. examples of esss are ultracapacitors,
superconducting magnetic esss, flywheels, batteries, compressed air, pumped hydro, fuel cells, and flow batteries.
currently, energy storage is a tradeoff between power
and energy density. although ultracapacitors and hybrid
batteries offer higher power density, their capacity (in ah)
and energy density are nowhere close to those of batteries.
they can release a large amount of power but only for a few

Modem

GSM
Modem

PQ

PQ Master

PQ

10 kV 400 kVA

Static Switch

MV

PQ

Inv A

(a)

PQ

Inv B

Battery A

PQ

Battery B
(b)

Figure 3. (a) An aerial view and (b) the configuration of the Bronsbergen Holiday Park microgrid in The Netherlands.

24

I E E E E l e c t r i f i c ati o n M agaz ine / december 2013

PV

PV

PV

PV

PV

PV



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013

IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 4
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 5
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 6
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 7
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 8
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 9
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 10
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 11
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 12
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 13
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 14
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 15
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 16
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 17
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 18
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 19
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 20
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 21
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 22
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 23
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 24
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 25
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 26
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 27
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 28
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 29
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 30
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 31
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 32
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 33
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 34
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 35
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 36
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 37
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 38
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 39
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 40
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 41
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 42
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 43
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 44
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 45
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 46
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 47
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 48
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 49
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 50
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 51
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 52
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 53
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 54
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 55
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 56
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 57
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 58
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 59
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 60
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 61
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 62
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 63
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 64
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 65
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 66
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 67
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 68
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 69
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 70
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 71
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 72
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 73
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 74
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 75
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 76
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 77
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 78
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 79
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 80
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - Cover3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com