IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - 27

Frequency (Hz)

adequate pricing history does not
Remotely Established
exist. The price of ramping and
Frequency
Trigger Points
PFR, where offered, falls between
the price of spinning reserve and
60.15
regulation. As stated, buildings,
60.10
microgrids, and other grid-edge
60.05
devices can provide all of these
On
On
On
On
60.00
Off
Off
Off
Off
services. Figure 5 illustrates PFR
59.95
provision from demand-side
59.90
assets through synthetic droop
59.85
On
On
On
On
using low-cost, frequency-sensiOff
Off
Off
Off
tive switches.
The grid services that buildP-Active Power
Local
ings, microgrids, and grid-edge
Frequency
devices can offer are not limited to
Measurement
and
those used in the wholesale and
Load
Control
bulk power domains, but can also
include distribution grid services.
Figure 5. The synthetic droop and PFR provided by demand-side assets.
The grid services at the distribution level are not yet standardized
or as well-defined as their bulk power counterparts. Serdistribution grid services. At present, these services are
vices such as phase balancing and attributes such as
secured indirectly by the distribution operators through
agility and flexibility to provide feeder or substation
demand response (DR)/DER programs or capacity aucoverload relief are valuable to distribution operation.
tions; for example, Consolidated Edison (Con Edison)
Table 2 compares bulk power and distribution products
recently conducted a DR capacity auction to defer the
and underlines the need for standards for retail and discost of the Brooklyn Queens substation upgrade. Con
tribution grid services.
Edison accepted offers from ten providers for prices
In contrast to bulk power grid services, there are no
ranging from US$215 per kilowatt per year to US$988 per
formal retail or distribution-level transactive markets for
kilowatt per year.

TAbLe 2. The need for retail/distribution grid service standards.
Attribute

Wholesale/Transmission

Retail/Distribution
Street Address

Location

Service Delivery Point (SDP)
Point of Common Connection (PCC)

Point of Receipt (POR)/Point
of Delivery (POD)

Response Time

Direction

Duration

Capacity
Energy
Ancillary service

Products

●

4s

●

Increase

●

10 min

■

Nonspinning/supplemental

●

1 min

●

Decrease

●

60 min

■

Spinning reserve

●

5 min

●

Both

●

90 min

■

Regulation

●

15 min

●

120 min

●

1h

●

180 min

●

Day ahead

Balancing services
■

Load following

■

Flexible ramping
Distribution Capacity
Line/transformer loading

Congestion

Transmission capacity

Line voltage
Phase unbalance-neutral flow

IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / d ec em be r 2 0 1 6

27



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016

IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - 1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - 2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - 3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - 4
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - 27
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - 52
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - Cover3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2016 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com