IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2019 - 12

TECHNOLOGY LEADERS

GS

GS

GS

control is mostly implemented in
the dc-to-dc converter to improve
stability by driving the system into
the sliding surface.

GS

Control Objectives in ac and dc
Ship Power Systems

10-kV dc Bus

M

M

1
1,100-V dc Bus

4

M

Fuel Cell

Battery

2

M
3
Load 2

Load 1

Figure 6. The multivoltage-level shipboard dc power grid with different power conversions.
(Source: Jon Are Suul; used with permission.)

Fuel Cell

Battery
GS
Voltage
Current
Voltage
Current

Voltage
Frequency

Voltage

Voltage
Frequency

Voltage

Voltage
Frequency
ac Bus
Voltage

Voltage
Torque/Field
M

Figure 7. The simplified hybrid ac power system, indicating the control objectives.

12

I E E E E l e c t r i f i cati o n M agaz ine / DECEMBER 2019

Figure 7 shows a simplified hybrid ac
power plant with controlled compo-
nents. The voltage level and frequen-
cy in the ac bus are the electrical
generator's control objectives to
ensure the power quality. Hence, the
voltage output from the generator is
controlled by an automatic voltage
regulator (AVR). The frequency is
eventually maintained by the prime
mover's rotating speed; as a result,
the engine should have an almost
constant speed to maintain a fixed
frequency. The dc output from the
battery and fuel cell passes through a
dc-dc converter to attain a voltage
level, and inverters eventually con-
vert it to ac. In the fuel cell's case, the
dc-to-dc converter controls the out-
put voltage level, and the inverter
must be controlled to level its output
with the voltage and frequency of
the ac bus.
However, for the dc-to-dc convert-
er and inverter at the battery outlet,
the control objective can be dual. The
inverter needs to maintain the volt-
age and frequency according to the
ac bus during the battery's discharge
mode, whereas it must sustain the
voltage and current level while the
battery charges. Similarly, the dc-to-
dc converter must maintain the volt-
age while the battery discharges and
the voltage and current during charg-
ing. The rectifier toward the ac motor
load needs to sustain its output dc
voltage, and the inverter has to main-
tain its ac output voltage and the
motor speed.
Figure 8 illustrates a simplified
hybrid dc power plant and the com-
ponents that must be controlled.
Leveling the dc voltage per the dc
bus is the control objective for an
electrical generator, battery, and fuel
cell. Hence, the control objective for



IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2019

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