IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 66

25

0.3
0.27
0.24

Cents per kWh (US$)

RTP
TOU
Flat Rate

($/kWh)

0.21
0.18
0.15
0.12
0.09
0.06

20
15
10
5

0.03
0
1980

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

0

SCE
SDG&E
PG&E
1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year

(h)
Figure 6. TOU, RTP, and flat-rate pricing schemes.

Figure 7. The electricity price for three major utilities in California.
(Data courtesy of the California Energy Commission.)

distance driving patterns based on real-world global positioning system data interpretations collected in different
metropolitan areas in the united states that can be easily
generalized to represent any urban area in the country.
in our work, we assumed that the average daily driving
distance is modeled based on measurements conducted by
the epa from more than 100 drivers in Kansas City, missouri,
in 2005 and the information provided by the u.s. national
household travel survey (nhts). the distribution is illustrated in Figure 9. From the figure, it can be deduced that 50% of
the drivers drive more than 40 mi/day, with a mean of
37.3 mi/day.

Cumulative Cost and Gasoline Displacement

monte Carlo simulations were conducted to perform a
comparative economic study among different types of
vehicles: pheVs, BeVs, and CVs. multiple evaluation scenarios were considered based on a combination of different fuel price trends and electricity pricing schemes.
5
4.5

3.5

(US$/gal)

(US$/gal)

4

3
2.5
2
1.5

4

2

20
1

20
1

0

8
Year
(a)

20
1

6

20
0

4

20
0

20
0

2
20
0

20
00

1

6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00

Upward Trend
Constant Trend
Downward Trend

20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
20
21
20
22
20
23

Results

the cumulative cost evaluation considers the cost incurred in
terms of the energy required to power the vehicle. this
includes the cost in fuel and electricity, where appropriate,
throughout time. Figure 10 shows the cumulative cost as a
function of years after purchasing the vehicle for three scenarios: (a) an upward trend, (b) a flat trend, and (c) a downward trend in the price of gasoline. in all cases, a fixed flat rate
of us$0.1460/kWh for the electricity price has been assumed.
From the figures, it is seen that eVs (pheVs and BeVs) have a
lower cost of energy compared to a CV for scenarios (a) and
(b). however, the current difference in the initial retail price of
the vehicle renders a CV cheaper (in terms of total cost) up to
11 years and 15 years after purchase for scenarios (a) and (b),
respectively. in the scenario in which the price of fuel tends to
decrease, a CV will always be a cheaper option compared
with any eV, and the expenses in fuel would not surpass the
cumulative cost of an eV. it was also found that for the
increasing gasoline price scenario, the higher the gasoline

Years
(b)

Figure 8. The retail gasoline prices in California: (a) the retail gasoline prices in the last decade and (b) scenarios for gasoline price projection
in the next decade. (Data courtesy of the U.S. Energy Information Administration.)

66

I E E E E l e c t r i f i c ati o n M agaz ine / j un e 2014



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014

IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - Cover1
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - Cover3
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
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