IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 71

derived from low-carbon generation sources; otherwise,
the total emissions can be as high as (or even higher than)
those for CVs. the impact of dynamic electricity pricing
schemes on the economics of eVs is not as significant as
the impact of gasoline or battery prices. however, from our
case study, it was found that tou pricing represents the
most expensive option compared to rtp or flat-rate pricing. planned charging would be required to avoid the peak
hours of tou and reduce the electricity cost.
on the other hand, rtp seems to be the cheapest option,
and it is comparable with a flat rate in most of the
scenarios studied.
there are several directions along which this
work could be further investigated. here are a few promising
avenues:
xx
define new case studies to include other geographical
locations (e.g., india, China, or europe) with different
driving patterns and sources of energy. this will
enable the comparison of economic and environmental evaluation of eVs among different regions.
xx
Consider further issues in the economic analysis, such
as subsidized eV policy, different categories of vehicles
targeting different segments, longer driving distances
(on highways, not only in cities), variable inflation
rates, etc. this will enable the investigation of new
specific scenarios of interest.
xx
evaluate the well-to-wheel cost of both electric and
fossil energy used to power eVs and compare it with
the cost involved to power CVs. this would facilitate
an economic study so as to inform governmental and
regulatory policy initiatives.

Acknowledgment
We would like to thank our colleagues at toshiba research
europe for helpful discussions and the directors for their
support of this work.

For Further Reading
"transportation's role in reducing us greenhouse gas
emissions, Vol. 1: synthesis report," report to Congress.
u.s. department of transportation, apr. 2010.
a. Boulanger, a. Chu, s. maxx, and d. Waltz, "Vehicle
electrification: status and issues," Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6,
pp. 1116-1138. June 2011.
s. Borenstein, m. Jaske, and a. rosenfeld, "dynamic
pricing, advanced metering, and demand response in electricity markets," Center for the study of energy markets,
univ. of California energy institute, 2002.
t. Carpenter, a. r. Curtis, and s. Keshav, "the return on
the investment for taxi companies trasitioning to electric
vehicles: a case study in san Francisco," univ. of Waterloo,
tech. rep. Cs-2011-20, aug. 2011.
s. s. raghavan and a. Khaligh, "impact of plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle charging on a distribution network in a
smart grid environment," in Proc. IEEE PES Innovative
Smart Grid Technologies, Jan. 2012, pp. 1-7.

Biographies
Raul Martinez Oviedo (raul.oviedo.13@ucl.ac.uk) is pursuing his ph.d. degree at uCl, united Kingdom. he received
his m.sc. from the university of Bristol, united Kingdom, in
2012 and his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering
from the universidad Central de Venezuela in 2009. his
research interests focus on applied economics, electric
vehicles, and renewable energy systems.
Zhong Fan (zhong.fan@toshiba-trel.com) is a chief
research fellow with toshiba research europe in Bristol,
united Kingdom. prior to joining toshiba, he worked as a
research fellow at Cambridge university, as a lecturer at Birmingham university, and as a researcher at marconi labs
Cambridge. he was awarded a Bt short-term fellowship to
work at Bt labs. he received his B.s. and m.s. degrees in
electronic engineering from tsinghua university, China,
and his ph.d. degree in telecommunication networks from
durham university, united Kingdom. his research interests
are 5G wireless networks, big data, m2m, and smart
grid communications.
Sedat Gormus (sedat.gormus@toshiba-trel.com) received
his B.sc. degree in computer science from Karadeniz
technical university, trabzon, turkey in 1999. he then
worked as a research and development engineer in several
turkish and British technology companies. in 2004, he was
awarded a ph.d. scholarship as part of the osiris project at
the university of Bristol, united Kingdom. he finished his
ph.d. studies in the wireless networking field in 2008 and
consequently joined the telecommunications research
laboratory of toshiba research europe ltd. in march 2009.
his current research activities include wireless sensor networks and m2m communications.
Parag Kulkarni (parag.kulkarni@toshiba-trel.com) holds
a B.tech degree in computer science and engineering from
the national institute of technology, Calicut, india, and a
ph.d. degree from the university of ulster, northern ireland.
he is a principal research engineer at toshiba's telecommunications research laboratory (trl) in Bristol, united Kingdom, where he leads a team of researchers working in the
areas of iCt for sustainability. he is broadly interested in
research in communications/networking technology and
the role it can play to address problems in different
domains. Currently, he is focusing on projects exploring the
role of iCt for energy and water management and nextgeneration wireless systems. during the course of his
career, he has worked in the industry in research and development roles taking on responsibilities in the wide spectrum from idea conception to prototype development,
selling ideas to senior management and channelizing the
outcome of research through technology transfer to the
business units and disseminating the findings through patents and publications. he also contributes to the research
community in various capacities, including serving as a
program committee member, industry forum speaker, and
a reviewer for conferences, journals, and magazines.

	

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