IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2017 - 34

Subsystem 1|CTLs|Vars
50.1

Subsystem 1|CTLs|Vars

Frequency

Hz

50
49.9
49.8

6.6 kV
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
5.6
0

Frequency

Hz
50.1
50.05
50
49.95
49.9
49.85
6.4 kV

Versus

Versus

6.2
6
5.8
10

20

30
Seconds

40

50

60

5.6

0

10

20

(a)

50.01

60

50

60

Frequency

Hz

50.005

50

50

49.9

49.995

49.8
kV
6.6
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
5.6

50

Subsystem 1|CTLs|Vars

Frequency

Hz

40

(b)

Subsystem 1|CTLs|Vars
50.1

30
Seconds

0

49.99
kV
6.1

Versus

Versus

6.05
6
5.95
10

20

30
Seconds

40

50

60

5.9

0

(c)

10

20

30
Seconds

40

(d)

Figure 7. Frequency and voltage curves in four configuration modes when the light intensity changes suddenly: (a) PV-diesel mode 1,
(b) PV-diesel mode 2, (c) PV-diesel-storage mode 1, and (d) PV-diesel-storage mode 2.

34

Reliability analysis of the Microgrid

Sudden Light Intensity Change

To evaluate the reliability characteristics of various configuration modes, the MW level-isolated PV-diesel-storage microgrids are modeled in a real-time digital
simulator. The structure of the microgrid is shown in
Figure 6. This microgrid model contains 1) two 2.2-MW
diesel generators that can be put into service through
switches based on the configuration mode; 2) a PV system whose maximal active power output is 9 MW under
standard test conditions; 3) an energy storage system
whose capacity is 2 MVA and the specified output is
zero under real-reactive power control mode; and 4) a
constant load (5.3  MW and power factor of 0.9) and
asynchronous motor load (4.2 MW and power factor of
0.8). Two scenarios are simulated: 1) a scenario with a
sudden large light intensity change and 2) a scenario
with a sudden large load change. The frequency and
voltage fluctuations of the four configuration modes are
compared here.

Consider an extreme condition: after the system reaches
the steady state, light intensity decreases 70% (from 1,000 to
300 W/m2, the output of the PV system in PV-diesel-storage
mode 1 and PV-diesel mode 1 decreases from 9 to 2.7 MW,
and the output of the PV system in PV-diesel-storage
mode 2 and PV-diesel mode 2 decreases from 7 to 2.1 MW)
at 15-18 s and recovers (from 300 to 1,000 W/m2) at 27-30 s.
The frequency and voltage fluctuations of the four configuration modes are compared in Figure 7. From the figures,
we can see that the frequency fluctuations in all four
modes are very small (within the allowable range of ±0.2 Hz).
The voltage fluctuations in PV-diesel-storage mode 2 and
PV-diesel mode 2 are within the allowable range of ±5%.
The voltage fluctuation in PV-diesel-storage mode 2 is the
smallest, because diesel generators are the main resource
in this mode, and when the PV output changes suddenly,
the rapid response of the diesel generators combined
with the control of energy storage can maintain the system

I E E E E l e c t r i f i c ati o n M agaz ine / j un e 2017



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