IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2018 - 81

attackers can obtain and the limited computation capabilities of the system to deploy full security techniques, a
dynamic defense mechanism inspired by the movingtarget-defense idea can be designed. cybersecurity
techniques include access control, authentication, identification, encryption, and other techniques, which can
be deployed to the network component dynamically enabled by software-defined network technologies. meanwhile, the controllable power-electronic devices in the
physical layer can be employed to alter the system parameters within the acceptable range, providing flexibility from the physical perspective. this physical flexibility
can be combined with the security framework in the
network layer to achieve a comprehensive moving-target defense.

Detection
cyberattack detection is conducted when malicious
intruders launch the cyberattacks. the idea of detection
is to investigate the abnormal behaviors associated with
the cyberattacks. in the communication network layer,
the information flow (e.g., routing tables) will be utilized
to detect cyberattacks. However, due to large-scale integration of dErs in smart cities and the hierarchical control structure of power systems, the underlying
communication network experiences temporal uncertainty associated with the information flow. in this
regard, the uncertainty-aware network-wide verification
is essential. the specification-based intrusion detection
method can integrate properties across multiple layers in
the communication network. in the physical layer, system redundancy associated with various grid assets will
be utilized to detect abnormal system events from a
physical perspective. the intrusion detection in the
cyberlayer and anomaly detection in the physical layer
can be integrated to develop a comprehensive cyberattack-detection scheme.

Mitigation
cyberattack mitigation is a response when cyberattacks are
successfully launched and they have made their impact. the
goal is to prevent the cyberattack from further impacting the
system while ensuring its continuous operation to the largest
extent. With the development of microgrids and distribution
automation, a grid sectionalization method can be developed
to divide the distribution system into several self-adequate
subsystems to prevent the propagation of the cyberattacks.
this method takes into account the interdependence between the power-distribution grid (physical layer) and the
underlying communication network (cyberlayer).

The Framework is a Comprehensive Solution
this cybersecurity framework provides a comprehensive solution covering all three phases against cyberattacks, and, at
each phase, the cybersecurity mechanism integrates the
properties of both cyber and physical layers. one key

advantage of the framework is the enhanced global visibility
across the entire co-cyPs in smart cities. this allows an effective coordination of the two layers to defend, detect, and
mitigate cyberattacks. therefore, the cross-layer security
framework is superior in performance to existing security
solutions, which only target a single layer.

Pilot Sites of Smart Cities: Paradigm Shift
in Field Practice
Smart Cities in the United States
the grid modernization efforts in the power industry
have the potential to enhance grid resiliency. in the united states, grid modernization was initiated by the u.s.
department of Energy (doE) under the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009. under the largest program, the smart Grid investment Grant (sGiG), the doE
and electricity industry have jointly invested us$8 billion
in 99 cost-shared projects involving more than 200 participating electric utilities and other organizations. figure 5
shows the sGiG expenditures by categories of technologies and systems.
Especially focusing on smart cities, in the united
states, a smart city initiative was established to tackle the
obstacles of services in local communities in 2015. the
initiative focuses on harnessing the iot and facilitating
domestic and international collaboration among cities. as
a joint activity, research investment was announced by
multiple institutions to launch a round of research effort
in developing advanced smart city technologies. meanwhile, field-oriented support was released to help the
selected cities launch a technology evolution and address
the existing challenges. for example, the u.s. department
of transportation (dot) launched the smart city challenge in december 2015 to encourage midsize cities to
propose innovative ideas and develop cutting-edge technologies to usher a new era in the city transportation system and related areas. among overwhelming responses
received by the dot, seven finalists were selected, including austin, texas; columbus, ohio; denver, colorado;
Kansas city, missouri; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Portland,
oregon; and san francisco, california.

Smart Cities in Australia
the australian government has invested roughly
us$100 million to develop a commercial-scale, smart-grid
demonstration project from 2010 to 2014 in partnership
with australian utilities, vendors, and research institutions. By developing the smart-grid infrastructure and
deploying industry-led smart-grid technologies, the
smart Grid, smart city (sGsc) project aims to gather and
share the information of evaluating the costs and benefits and identify the barriers to address the emerging
concerns regarding the major transformation in australia's energy sector, such as the ever-growing challenge of
delivering affordable, renewable, and resilient electricity.

IEEE Elec trific ation Magazine / J U N E 201 8

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