IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2020 - 43

Based on the operation of gas-powered ships, in 2004,
new rules for gas ship fuels were initiated as international code by the Norwegian Maritime Authority. Then,
in 2015, the code of safety for ships was adopted by the
IMO and was modified two years later. This leading regulation for vessels is the "International Code of Safety for
Ships Using Gases or Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels Including Hydrogen." Several class rules issued or under development have been introduced for FC installation,
including by the Korean Register of Shipping, American
Bureau of Shipping, and DNV-GL.
The DNV-GL invests 5% of its income in innovation
yearly for initiatives such as the FellowShip research
project, which is leading to advances in technology and
promoting services. Furthermore, the onboard electrical
system must be based on applicable standards for ships
according to the International Electrotechnical Commission. The DNV-GL proposed class rules and notations for
the installation of FCs onboard. The DNV-GL FC class
rules have been divided into two class notations: FC
(Power) and FC (Safety). Ships for which the FC is the
main source of power for propulsion, to be given class
notation FC (Power), should satisfy the requirements.
Ships for which the FC is not the main source of energy
should satisfy the safety and environmental requirements and will be given class notation FC (Safety) (available on the DNV-GL website; FC rules are given in Part 6,
Chapter 2, Section 3). The DNV-GL FC rules cover various
aspects, including design principles, material requirements, fire safety, electrical systems, control monitoring,
and onboard testing. Some of the class requirements,
based on interpretation from the DNV-GL, are described
in Table 3.

Conclusions
There is a tendency toward pure electric propulsion for
ships due to many reasons, including the efficiency and
emission regulations related to local and international
shipping. In this article, the FC technology for use as a
main source of power for ship propulsion was reviewed
and discussed. Hydrogen FCs have received notable
interest as an alternative power supply in the shipping
industry. However, on a global scale, FC technology is
still immature. Hence, to become a realistic alternative
to the existing power supply for ships, several issues
must be addressed.
One of the hurdles is how to make hydrogen and other
fuels onboard and meet the demand for the infrastructure
needed. Hydrogen FCs provide an efficient way to generate electricity onboard from a variety of logistic fuels. The
problems related to storing large quantities of hydrogen to
supply the energy for large ships create motivation to
explore alternative compounds, such as ammonia and
LOHCs. In this article, it is assumed that hydrogen as a
fuel is provided onboard and the ship can be given the
required class notations.

Apart from the environmental benefits, the main
purpose of hydrogen FC development for shipping is
to obtain propulsion power effectively in terms of economic advantages. One of the factors that can make FCs
much more interesting in the shipping industry is the
overall system efficiency. There are several solutions
that can improve the system's overall efficiency, including waste heat recovery. Moreover, to operate the FC system effectively, each component of the auxiliary system,
power system interface, and control system should be
designed optimally according to the operational behavior of the system.

For Further Reading
International Maritime Organization, "Third IMO green house
gas study 2014," London, U.K., 2014. [Online]. Available: http://
www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/
AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas
%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20
Report.pdf
Norwegian Centres of Expertise Maritime CleanTech.
Accessed on: Feb. 21, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://-mari
timecleantech.no/
DNV GL, "Maritime forecast to 2050: Energy transition
outlook," Arnhem, The Netherlands, 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://eto.dnvgl.com/2018/maritime
DNV GL, "Rules for classification: Ships, Part 6, Chapter 2,
Section 3: Fuel cell installations - FC," Arnhem, The Netherlands, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://rules.dnvgl.com/docs/
pdf/dnvgl/ru-ship/2017-01/dnvgl-ru-ship-pt6ch2.pdf
F. Barbir, PEM fuel cells: Theory and practice. Waltham, MA:
Academic, 2012.
T. Tronstad, H. H. Åstrand, G. P. Haugom, and L. Langfeldt,
"Study on the use of fuel cells in shipping," European Maritime Safety Agency, DNV GL, Arnhem, The Netherlands, 2017.
[Online]. Available: http://www.emsa.europa.eu/emsa
-homepage/2-news-a-press-centre/news/2921-emsa-study
-on-the-use-of-fuel-cells-in-shipping.html
J. Bauman and M. Kazerani, "A comparative study of fuelcell-battery, fuel-cell-ultracapacitor, and fuel-cell-battery-
ultracapacitor vehicles," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 2,
pp. 760-769, 2008. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2007.906379.
Norwegian Parliament Resolutions, "Climate strategy for
2030: Norwegian restructuring in European cooperation,"
[Online]. Available: https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker
-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Vedtak/Sak/?p=69170
Z. Jia, J. Sun, S.-R. Oh, H. Dobbs, and J. King, "Control of the
dual mode operation of generator/motor in SOFC/GT-based
APU for extended dynamic capabilities," J. Power Sources, vol. 235,
pp. 172-180, Aug. 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.170.

Biographies
Nastaran Shakeri (nastaran.shakeri@ntnu.no) is with the
Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Mehdi Zadeh (mehdi.zadeh@ntnu.no) is with the
Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Jørgen Bremnes Nielsen (jorgen.bremnes.nielsen@-
sintef.no) is with SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway.


	

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http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf https://maritimecleantech.no/ https://maritimecleantech.no/ https://eto.dnvgl.com/2018/maritime https://rules.dnvgl.com/docs/pdf/dnvgl/ru-ship/2017-01/dnvgl-ru-ship-pt6ch2.pdf https://rules.dnvgl.com/docs/pdf/dnvgl/ru-ship/2017-01/dnvgl-ru-ship-pt6ch2.pdf http://www.emsa.europa.eu/emsa-homepage/2-news-a-press-centre/news/2921-emsa-study-on-the-use-of-fuel-cells-in-shipping.html http://www.emsa.europa.eu/emsa-homepage/2-news-a-press-centre/news/2921-emsa-study-on-the-use-of-fuel-cells-in-shipping.html http://www.emsa.europa.eu/emsa-homepage/2-news-a-press-centre/news/2921-emsa-study-on-the-use-of-fuel-cells-in-shipping.html https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Vedtak/Sak/?p=69170 https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Vedtak/Sak/?p=69170

IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2020

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