IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - 11

An EV has an all-electric propulsion system, where the powertrain components
include high-voltage batteries, supercapacitors (optional), a battery
management system, power conditioning devices (dc-dc and dc-ac converters),
and an electric motor/generator, as shown in Figure 2. The EV also needs
to have an onboard or off-board battery charger ( " ac-dc + dc-dc " converter)
and a low-voltage (12-V) battery for other low-voltage and nonpropulsion
loads. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, depending on the EV architecture, there
can be different dc-dc converters. Nonisolated dc-dc converters are mainly
used to provide high power for the propulsion system of the vehicles or to
provide power from the 12-V dc bus to low-voltage devices at 5 V, 3.3 V, and
so on. Low-voltage power supplies are necessary for digital controllers, sensors,
computing units, and other control units for vehicle control, communication,
and entertaining. Isolated dc-dc converters are widely used in EV
chargers and 12-V auxiliary power supplies, which require electrical isolation
and/or a high voltage conversion ratio.
A wide variety of dc-dc converter topologies have been proposed and
implemented in the literature and will be briefly reviewed in the following
sections. Some design considerations are essential and common for automotive
applications: light weight, high efficiency, small volume, low electromagnetic
interference (EMI), low current ripples drawn from the fuel cell stack or
the battery, sufficient voltage conversion ratios, and wide input voltage ranges.
According to the recent reports of the U.S. Department of Energy, by 2025,
the technical targets of the 2- to 5-kW dc-dc converter for 12-V low-voltage
battery charging are expected to attain high power density (>4.6 kW/L) and
high efficiency (>98%). To achieve this goal, a proper topology with an optimized
device and passive component design should be deliberated and
experimentally verified.
Supercapacitor
Nonisolated
dc-dc Converter
Fuel
Cell
Stack
HighVoltage
Battery
Nonisolated
Unidirectional
dc-dc
Converter
Nonisolated
Bidirectional
dc-dc
Converter
Nonpropulsion
Electric
Load
(12 V)
HV dc Bus
(e.g., 400 V)
dc-ac
Inverter
Electric
Motor
High Conversion Ratio
Isolated dc-dc
Converter
Low-Voltage
dc Bus
(e.g.,
12 V)
Low-Voltage
Battery(12 V)
Figure 1. The configuration of a typical FCV.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / JUNE 2021
11
Nonisolated
dc-dc
Converter
Low-Voltage
Electronic
Devices
(e.g., 3.3 V, 5 V)

IEEE Electrification - June 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification - June 2021

Contents
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - Contents
IEEE Electrification - June 2021 - 2
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