IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2014 - 59
scheme, which determines the appropriate operating mode,
depending on the battery voltage (dc sources such as photovoltaic panels and fuel cells can be connected through single
dc-dc converter stage, whereas, in the case of ac sources
such as small wind turbines, an intermediate dc link needs
to be formed using an additional ac-dc converter). in general, there are two relevant modes in that sense: constant
power mode, which implies operation under MPPt algorithms, and voltage-regulation mode where part of the available energy from ress is dumped to regulate the charging of
the battery.
a distributed resolution of the aforementioned control
strategy gained a lot of popularity in industry since it
enables the plug-and-play feature for additional sources.
For this reason, but also because of the inherent stability
of these kinds of systems, the construction of customized
dc renewable energy parks for telecom stations was made
possible in an ad hoc manner, by a simple buildup of the
system using commercially available modules. nevertheless, this kind of approach may be considered useful only
for small-scale electrical power supplies that do not
require precise control over the common bus voltage and
are not anticipated for substantial future expansions.
Vehicular Technology:
HEVs and Fast DC Charging Stations
of road vehicles that supplied power for electrical starters.
the voltage was eventually increased to 14 V to support
newer and stronger engines with high-performance starters, and it has been kept as the industry standard to date.
apart from ignition, the usage of electrical distribution
eventually spread also to power other appliances such as
lighting, instrumentation, and electric motor drives. however, the propulsion of these vehicles remained based
exclusively on internal combustion engines (ices) until
recent times.
a strong interest in eVs has been awakened again in
the last few decades when concerns related to reduction
of fossil fuel reserves and greenhouse gas emissions
became the main driving factor. Much academic and
industrial effort has been directed toward the development of a more-electric vehicle concept, giving birth to
three main groups of vehicular technologies: eVs, heVs,
and fuel cell vehicles. the difference between them lies
in the manner of power generation for vehicle propulsion. the only source of power for eVs is an electrochemical battery, while heVs and fuel cell vehicles are
driven by a combination of a battery and ice or hydrogen fuel cell, respectively. the battery is still the major
limiting factor for wider use of eVs because the power
and energy density in even the best batteries are not
predicted to be competitive with those of liquid fuels
anytime soon. on the other hand, the technology of
the concept of the electric car finds its roots at the end of
19th century, when the first vehicles
were developed largely relying on dc
motor technology that was invented
pHEV Charging
by thomas davenport in 1834. the
Station Socket
accompanying industrial buzz resulted in several successful applications,
such as electric-grid-powered trolley
High-Voltage Storage
ac−dc
dc−dc
systems for public transportation and
System
coal mining. on the other hand,
Air
motors in vehicles that required more
s
dc−ac
Conditioning
Bu
c
freedom of movement, such as taxis
d
Steering System
ge
and passenger cars, were powered by
lta
dc−dc
o
-V
electrochemical batteries. the electric
dc−ac igh
s
H
vehicles (eVs) of that time had a
Bu
c
Electric
d
Bidirectional
number of advantages over their gase
Machine 1
ds
ag
t
dc−ac
l
oline- and steam-powered rivals,
oa
o
L
V
l
wna
such as significantly quicker start
Lo
io
t
Planetary
n
time and no issues associated with
ve
Gear
Internal
on
C
vibration, smell, and noise. however,
Unit
Combustion
the development of intercity road
Engine
Electric
Pr
infrastructure in the united states in
op
Machine 2
uls
ion
the early 20th century highlighted the
Sy
problem of their limited range, while
ste
m
the discovery of vast deposits of oil
greatly reduced the driving costs of
gasoline-powered cars, which soon
completely took over the market.
nevertheless, auxiliary 6 Vdc electrical systems remained a vital part Figure 4. The electrical layout of an HEV.
IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / MARCH 2 0 1 4
59
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