IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - 11

components of the stakeholders' agenda. policy has been
a key enabler for hydrogen stations in california, where
the number of retail hydrogen stations went from zero to
more than 30 in fewer than two years and the annual
hydrogen dispensed went from 27,400 kg in 2015 to
109,200 kg in 2016, a nearly fourfold increase in just one
year (Figure 2). as of 2017, there were 36 public hydrogen
stations in the United States, with 33 of them in california
(29 counted as fully operational retail stations in September 2017). if private stations are included, there are 62 stations currently operating in the United States and another
26 stations planned, with the northeast as the next region
of deployment focus. hydrogen infrastructure is also
expanding internationally, with 180 active stations outside
the United States.
the doe's long-term cost target for dispensed hydrogen is US$2-3/gasoline gallon equivalent (gge). (the
energy of 1 kg of hydrogen is approximately equivalent
to the energy of 1 gal of gasoline.) this long-term target
cost exists to benchmark cost reduction progress and
to identify a goal of parity with gasoline costs. hydrogen station cost studies have shown that cost-competitive (US$3-5/gge) hydrogen is possible today for a
station that uses delivered hydrogen produced from a
centralized steam methane-reforming facility. one significant assumption of this analysis is that the station

has a high average dispensing rate of 750-1,000 kg of
hydrogen per day. this rate is much higher than the
dispensing rate of current stations, but, with installation costs contributing a large fraction of the life-cycle
costs of the station, the cost of dispensed hydrogen will
decrease with an increasing dispensing rate to meet
the long-term target cost. today, hydrogen station dispensing price ranges US$13-16/gge, with at least one
station operator announcing plans for US$10/gge
hydrogen sales.
a modern U.S. hydrogen station is capable of dispensing 100-400 kg per day, with, typically, one dispenser per station. the quantity of hydrogen dispensed
has increased significantly as stations have moved
from demonstration to retail and as FceVs have
moved from prototypes to commercial products. as
exemplified using data from nreL's national Fuel-cell
technology evaluation center, fewer than 2,000 kg of
hydrogen were dispensed in all of 2009, while nearly
61,000 kg were dispensed in just the first three quarters of 2016, with retail stations (as opposed to fleet
stations) dispensing more than 93% of the total hydrogen in that period.
the remaining challenges for fuel cells and hydrogen
in transportation are now related to improving performance, decreasing cost, increasing renewable hydrogen

Hydrogen Dispensed by Quarter
120

Hydrogen Dispensed (1,000 kg)

100

80

60

40

Cumulative Hydrogen Dispensed = 372,503 kg
By Year
2017
Through Q2
170,139 kg
2016
109,202 kg
2015
27,431 kg
2014
19,738 kg
2013
16,335 kg
2012
17,433 kg
2011 8,055 kg
2010 2,260 kg
2009 1,910 kg
0

50
100
150
H2 Dispensed (1,000 kg)

200

0

2009 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2010 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2011 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2012 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2013 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2014 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2015 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2016 Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2017 Q1
Q2

20

Note: Colors Represent Individual Stations

Figure 2. Through June 2017, the hydrogen dispensed by quarter (Q) for stations in the evaluation project. (Image courtesy of NREL.)

	

IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / Ma r c h 201 8

11



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018

Contents
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - Contents
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - 2
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
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