IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 20

connecting the traction substations to high voltage (>132 kV),
which clearly increases the costs. Voltage drops and a high
range of reactive power because of the inductive features,
together with different forms of harmonic problems such
as harmonic resonances, low-frequency oscillations, and
harmonic instabilities, are the other problems worth mentioning in ac systems. Integrating SG technologies in such
a system can intensify the aforementioned problems in
the case of insufficient investigation. The ARMG architecture illustrated in Figure 5 is a sensitive integration configuration due to the direct connections of elements.
The ARMG system presented here consists of traction
transformer-based substations with the capability of

feeding back the RBE to the main grid and the catenary
overhead system that delivers the power to the trains in
each section. The right and left sections of substations are
isolated from each other by using the concept of neutral
section. Depending on autotransformer or booster transformer-based systems, these neutral sections are along the
line every 20-40 km.
In this architecture, the ac busbar in the form of the
energy hub can be established in two different characteristic positions.
1)	At substation level: This is the popular method since
DERs can share some switching and protection devices,
as well as buildings for their installation. Moreover, the

ac Mains

ac (25-kV) Catenary System

RBE Supply
Adjacent Train

RPFC
Li

iβt

iα t

Pβ

Pα

Vdc
Pin

3~
=
=

dc Energy Hub

=
=
=

=
=
LVdc
Busbar
(a)
Figure 7. The Hybrid ARMG architecture with (a) Traditional RPFC. (continued)

20

I E E E E l e c t r i f i cati o n M agaz ine / MARCH 2020

Li

G
3~

Wind
Generation
Low- and MidPower
Photovoltaic
Storage
Systems

Mid- and Fastdc Charging
Stations

Elements Connected to the
dc Link of RPFC at Substation

Integration of
Distributed
Energy
Resources
(Renewables,
Storage
Systems, ...)



IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020

Contents
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - Contents
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 4
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 5
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 6
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 7
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - Cover3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2013
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