IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020 - 55

frequency, other assets in grid-following mode are synchronized to the microgrid bus. Each asset has its own
synchronizing controller to synchronize to the bus. Different combinations of the aforementioned assets, including
the BESS, diesel generator, PV system, wind system, and
load banks, can be tested in this mode.

maximization, and voltage and frequency regulation
through the MCS. CANREL has the capacity to export up to
500 kW to the utility grid.

Transition Mode

In this mode, CB 301 is open. The grid simulator can then
be used to black-start the microgrid and energize the
microgrid bus; other assets in grid-following mode (for
example, wind and solar systems) as well as the BESS and
diesel generator in PQ mode can be synchronized to the
microgrid bus. There is also another possible operating
mode, in which the grid simulator breaker C 205 is
equipped with a synch relay such that the entire microgrid
can synchronize to the grid simulator once the voltage, frequency, and phase angle are within the allowable range,
which are managed by the MCS. Different load and generation profiles and fault scenarios can be simulated and
investigated in this mode.

The transitions between islanded and grid-connected
modes of operation are coordinated and controlled by the
MCS and are performed by the utility grid breaker CB 301.
The MCS controls voltage, frequency, and phase angle of
the microgrid bus and ensures that the microgrid is synchronized to the utility grid before closing breaker CB 301.
The transition from islanded to grid-connected through
the grid simulator is carried out by the grid simulator contactor C 205. Since only one grid-forming unit should
energize the microgrid bus, a key interlock and control
interlock are in place to ensure safe operation.
The transition from grid-connected to islanded mode
can be planned or unplanned. CANREL can support both
transitions through the MCS and PCC protection relay. Initiating events can be triggered by an operator or by an
unplanned trigger from the protective relay.

Utility Grid-Connected Mode

MCS

In this mode, CB 301 is closed, and the microgrid acts as a
virtual power plant. The microgrid bus is energized, and
other assets are synchronized to the microgrid bus. The
microgrid can be operated based on different objectives,
such as cost minimization, renewable energy penetration

CANREL has a hierarchical-based MCS approach to control
and manage the microgrid assets, which is similar to the general microgrid control approach described in Olivares et al.
2014. The MCS has three layers of control for various modes,
as illustrated in Figure 4 and described next.

Grid-Connected Through Grid-Simulator Mode

Utility
Interface

User Interface/
HMI

Data Aggregator

ThirdParty
MCS

EMS GridConnected

Local Control
DER 1

Microgrid

DER 2
Local Control
DER 3

EMS
Islanded

Local Control

Secondary
Control

Communication
Interface Layer

Tertiary
Control

PCC

Local Control

MicrogridForming
Control

DER 4

Primary
Control

Figure 4. The CANREL MCS structure. HMI: human-machine interface.

	

IEEE Elec trific ation Magazine / MARCH 2 0 2 0

55



IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2020

Contents
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
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