IEEE Electrification - September 2019 - 54

Battery Cloud
Nanogrids and
Microgrids

Decentralized
Generation and Storage

Cloud Management
and Digitalization

Large-Scale
Renewables

Smart Grid and
Smart City

Transportation
Electrification
Cyber

A Microgrid or a Nanogrid
Large-Scale
Renewables

Smart
Buildings

Modular Interface

BatterySwapping
Stations

0.5 mi
PV-Based
Nanogrids and
Microgrids

A Battery For
Your EV Here

%

Battery Compartment
Physical
Sharing Energy and Storage Via Swapping Batteries

EVs Can Get Fully
Charged Batteries Anywhere

Figure 17. A conceptual framework for a battery cloud based on battery-swapping and other grid-edge technologies.

modular interface that is unified for all entities facilitates the plug-and-play operation of batteries. Once
equipped with the unified modular interface, individual
entities with distinct characteristics can easily join in
the battery cloud to benefit EV owners.

Conclusions
Battery swapping, currently the most rapid way of charging
EVs, provides a valid alternative to the deployment of
charging outlets. In essence, battery swapping is a costeffective solution to meeting the growing demand for
EVs  without the need for capital-intensive and timeconsuming upgrades in urban distribution networks. As
BSSs' cost-effectiveness has been demonstrated in applications for buses, taxis, two-wheelers, and more, they are
expected to make more contributions to facilitate transportation electrification.

For Further Reading
M. Shahidehpour, Z. Li, and M. Ganji, "Smart cities for a sustainable urbanization: Illuminating the need for establishing
smart urban infrastructures," IEEE Electrific. Mag., vol. 6, no. 2,
pp. 16-33, 2018.
M. Ban, M. Shahidehpour, J. Yu, and Z. Li, "A cyber-physical
energy management system for optimal sizing and operation
of networked nanogrids with battery wapping stations," IEEE
Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 491-502, 2019.
Y. Zheng, Z. Dong, Y. Xu, K. Meng, J. Zhao, and J. Qiu, "Electric vehicle battery charging/swap stations in distribution
systems: Comparison study and optimal planning," IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 221-229, 2014.
M. Shahidehpour, Z. Li, W. Gong, S. Bahramirad, and M.
Lopata, "A hybrid ac/dc nanogrid: The Keating Hall installa-

54

I E E E E l e c t r i f i cati o n M agaz ine / SEPTEMBER 2019

tion at the Illinois Institute of Technology," IEEE Electrific. Mag.,
vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 36-46, 2017.
J. A. Peças Lopes, F. Joel Soares, and P. Rocha Almeida,
"Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system,"
Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 168-183, 2011.
"Questionnaire on electrical vehicles and battery swapping stations," SurveyMonkey. Accessed on: May 3, 2019.
[Online]. Available: http://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ev_
bass
Auto in Sina. Accessed on: May 3, 2019. [Online]. Available:
http://auto.sina.com.cn/zt_d/ddqchd
BattSwap. Accessed on: May 3, 2019. [Online]. Available:
http://battswap.com

Biographies
Mingfei Ban (mban2@iit.edu) is with the School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, China, and the School of Electrical Power,
Shenyang Institute of Engineering, China.
Jilai Yu (yupwrs@hit.edu.cn) is with the School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of
Technology, China.
Zhiyi Li (zhiyi.li@hawk.iit.edu) is with the Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago.
Danyang Guo (danyang_guo@foxmail.com) is with the
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin
Institute of Technology, China.
Jing Ge (gjsonia@sina.com) is with the Global
Energy Interconnection Research Institute, State Grid,
Beijing.


https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ev_bass https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ev_bass http://auto.sina.com.cn/zt_d/ddqchd http://www.battswap.com

IEEE Electrification - September 2019

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