IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 110

Three elements come into play here.
1) Real-time monitoring can alert
grid operators to the precursors
or signatures of impending faults,
based on probabilistic analysis.
Real-time monitoring has been
enabled by a leap from traditional supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) systems to phasor measurement units
(PMUs), a.k.a. synchrophasors.
This technology improves the resolution of data polled from field
devices from two to four times/s
with SCADA to 20-50 times/s
with PMUs. PMUs also provide
precise, GPS-based time stamping so that events on the system
can be analyzed accurately and
chronologically in a wide-area
management system, (WAMS).
This allows operators to see "how
the dominoes fell in the dark."
2) Real-time monitoring enables operators to react swiftly to restore
balance to the system or to program field devices to respond automatically. This allows constant
tuning of the grid's many components to achieve an optimal,
highly efficient state.
3) Rapid isolation allows the system to automatically isolate its
parts that are failing or about to
fail to avoid the spread of disruption and to enable more rapid
restoration.
As a result, the self-healing smart
grid is able to reduce the number of outages and their duration. Because all three
functions are self-healing in nature, they
add an end-to-end resilience to the grid
that can detect and override human errors resulting in power outages.

End-to-End Technologies
An end-to-end system that anticipates
problems, supports operator decisions
or reacts automatically has a few elements worthy of emphasis.
At the customer end are the interval
meters that provide usage data, serve

110

ieee power & energy magazine

as end-of-line sensors for voltage
conservation, and emit "last gasps"
as they lose power. Upstream of the
meters, but downstream of the operators, we'll see a proliferation of advanced sensors (intelligent electronic
devices, or IEDs) that facilitate realtime monitoring and control of critical
assets. Advanced protective relays, for
instance, provide improved isolation
of faults. All of the technologies discussed here are supported by two-way
communication networks that bring
the real-time monitoring data back to
operators and allow the latter to send
commands back to assets in the field.
Finally, visualization tools such as
dashboards convert data into colorcoded graphics and automated alerts
that provide decision support.

A dynamic risk landscape requires
annual updating to ensure protection of
the right assets. How has the risk portfolio or the spectrum of risk changed?
With climate change, the variability of
weather events has increased. We are
going to see more extreme events that
have never happened before with greater frequency. Hurricane Sandy appears
to be an example of this challenge.
So a clear sense of dynamic risk
should guide our investments in hardening and resilience, based on evidence and data. We need a new set of
tools and a fresh set of approaches to
system upgrades to be more dynamic
and more adaptive to achieve resiliency and security.

Three-Tiered
Intelligence

Our immediate and critical goal is
to avoid widespread network failure,
but the longer-term vision is to enable
adaptive, resilient infrastructure. Achieving this vision and sustaining infrastructure reliability, robustness, and
efficiency are critical long-term issues
that require strategic investments in
research and development.
When the United States has made
such strategic commitments in the
past, the payoffs have been huge.
Think of the interstate highway system, the lunar landing project, the
Internet. Meeting each of those challenges has produced world-leading
economic growth by enabling commerce and technology development.
In the process, we developed a highly
trained, adaptive workforce.
Similarly, given the economic, societal, and quality-of-life challenges and
the ever-increasing interdependencies
among infrastructures we have today,
we must decide whether to build electric power and energy infrastructures
that support a 21st century digital society, or be left behind as a 20th century
industrial relic.

The self-healing grid can be thought of
as having three tiers of intelligence.
The bottom layer, closest to devices
in the field, is distributed intelligence.
It is akin to the reptilian brain, with
simple responses to environmental
stimuli. At a substation, for instance,
an intelligent device monitors the
health of the asset and communicates
that to the middle layer, where the validation of incoming data and coordination of various functions takes place
in milliseconds. This is similar to a
mammalian neocortex that can strategize, act, and be upgraded through
experience to higher functionality. The
top layer contains the centralized command-and-control functions directed
by human operators.

Risk Assessment
The initial step, before implementation,
is risk assessment. Risk is dynamic,
local, and specific. National policies
will help, but achieving hardening and
resiliency on the ground will be specific to a utility's customers' needs, its
legacy systems, location, and technology roadmap.

Back to the
"Big Picture"

p&e

january/february 2014



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - Cover4
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