IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 62

figure 7. A demonstration of OTS integrated with SRN.

self-healing. the benefits of the self-healing grid to society, utilities, consumers, and employers are likely to exceed
the investments, however. these benefits are summarized
briefly below.

Economics

Environmental
smart grids can support more green resources, which can
reduce emissions substantially. in addition, the environmental impact of accidents like transformer fires and oil spills
can be avoided by means of accurate equipment failure prediction and prevention.

✔ improved system reliability can reduce the economic

losses incurred by consumers when power is lost.
✔ utilities can avoid the large lost revenues caused by
high congestion or unplanned outages.
✔ More efficient operation makes the system more flexible, leading to reductions in electrical losses and
maintenance costs.

Security
the self-healing characteristics of the smart grid can
decrease the threat of unexpected attack due to self-healing
technologies and the distribution of sources.
✔ More advanced monitoring, distributed energy
resources, and demand response all contribute to a
more robust system that is more resilient to cyber attack
✔ the weaknesses of the smart grid can be identified by
modern analytical tools and then integrated into the
security plan.

Safety
the grid's self-healing characteristics can enhance public
safety. For example, quick restoration can provide the necessary electricity to critical loads like hospitals.
62

ieee power & energy magazine

The Challenge of Variable
Renewable Resources
to accommodate higher penetrations of variable renewable
energy resources, changes to traditional system restoration
methodologies will be required. Fundamentally, conventional
generation resources have relatively predictable operating performance. as a result, restoration strategies in the traditional
energy paradigm are based on the assumption that the output
of each generating unit is controllable or predictable. this
assumption is questionable in systems with a high percentage
of variable renewable energy resources. according to nerc,
two major attributes of renewable energy resources will affect
power system planning and operation: variability and uncertainty. generally, however, a generating unit, whether conventional or renewable, should present several benefits to system
restoration. these are summarized below.
Black-Start Capacity

compared with the normal operating condition, the system
is weaker during the beginning stage of system restoration,
with less control over frequency and voltage. at present, variable energy resources are not recommended as black-start
january/february 2014



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - Cover4
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