IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - 22

for the completion of internal
electricity transits and trade.
Starting in 2001, the UCTE
became a forum of TSOs acting
independently but without losing the
interface with generation companies,
distributors, consumers, and regulaND
SE
FI
tors. Market issues began to be discussed at the UCTE as well. It was
RU
EE
becoming clear, under a rearranged
LV
market design, that a shift from a more
DK-W
LT
voluntary platform to an enforcementRU
based platform was needed to guaranBY
IE
GB
tee a sufficient level of compliance.
NL
PL
DE
BE
In 2007, the EU fixed its 2020
UA
LU
CZ
objectives (a 20% CO2 emission
SK
UA-W
reduction, a 20% renewable share
MD
AT
CH
in generation, and a 20% improveFR
HU
ment in energy efficiency by 2020).
RD
SI
HR BA
This meant the share of renewable
RS
BG
energy sources (RES) in the generaIT
ME
tion mix would be rapidly increasing;
MK
AL
it was going to be particularly diffiES
PT
cult for the grid to meet these major
GR
TR
challenges. To address the problems
introduced by new developments
regarding the development of reMA
DZ
TN
newables and in anticipation of the
third package of energy legislation
that would deal with the functionfigure 1. The UCPTE in 1951.
ing of an internal energy market, the
TSO associations intensified their
cooperative
commitment.
What
resulted was the establishment of
links coordinated by the Central Dispatch Organization of InterENTSO-E on 19 December 2008 (see Figure 3).
connected Power Systems (CDO/IPS) in Prague.
Interconnections between the two regions (eastern and
western Europe) were lacking, however. Synchronous opera- A Rapidly Evolving Energy Landscape
tion between the UCPTE and CDO/IPS grids was not pos- Today, Europe is facing an evolving energy landscape driven
sible at that time despite a similar (but not synchronized) grid by its three principal objectives, which interact and can easily
frequency of 50 Hz. The history of the electricity system in appear to be opposing: security of supply for the European
Europe is thus closely linked to political developments.
economy and consumers; affordability of energy prices, which
The 1990s brought highly dynamic regulatory processes should be ensured by electricity market liberalization; and the
due to the move toward a single European electricity market, embrace of climate protection policy. These drivers have led to
which required the unbundling of generation, transmission, large changes in electricity systems and markets.
and distribution services and the assurance of fair and nondisThe TSOs are at the core of these developments and chalcriminatory grid access for all users. Consequently, in 1999 lenges. The technical and market rules for the system, devised in
the UCPTE changed its focus to the transmission grid only an environment of monopolies, need to be adapted significantly to
and changed its name to UCTE, dropping the P, which stood incorporate the new landscape of large amounts of fluctuating RES
for production. On 1 July 1999, the UCTE was involved in and a focus on demand response. The European policy objective
the foundation of the Association of European Transmission of achieving at least 80% decarbonization of the electricity genSystem Operators (ETSO) in Frankfurt. Other members (see eration sector by 2050 sets the longest-term and most far-reaching
Figure 2) were the Association of the Transmission System objective of all European policy and will spur further rule changes.
Operators of Ireland (ATSOI), Nordel (Northern Europe),
The agreement on EU targets for 2030 sets biding targets
and the United Kingdom Transmission System Operators for domestic reduction in greenhouse gas emission of 40% and
Association (UKTSOA). The UCTE focused on technical for the share of renewable energy consumed of at least 27%
rules, while ETSO developed economic and legal procedures in EU and an indicative target of 27% for improving energy
22

ieee power & energy magazine

january/february 2015



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - 1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - Cover4
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