IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - 42

7) Finally, after a detailed process of evaluation, selection, and elimination, a set of final e-Highway2050
scenarios is proposed.
The main criteria used for the selection process are as
follows:
✔✔ An e-Highway2050 scenario is relevant when it challenges the entire existing European electricity system,
not just the grid.
✔✔ The selected e-Highway2050 scenarios should differ
substantially from each other, in accordance with the
identified boundary conditions.
✔✔ Some of the e-Highway2050 scenarios should challenge the electricity system in a way that differs from
the current state of affairs.
This seven-step filtering process led to the selection of
the following five scenarios:

✔✔ Large-scale RES (S1): The focus is on the deploy-

ment of large-scale RES technologies. A high priority
is given to centralized storage solutions accompanying large-scale RES deployment.
✔✔ High GDP growth and market-based energy policies
(S2): The main elements are an internal EU market, EUwide security of supply, and coordinated use of interconnectors for cross-border flows and exchanges within
the EU. CCS technology is assumed to be mature.
✔✔ Large fossil fuel deployment with CCS and nuclear
electricity (S3): The electrification of transport, heating,
and industry is considered to occur mainly at the centralized (large-scale) level. No flexibility is needed since variable generation from photovoltaic (PV) and wind is low.
✔✔ 100% RES electricity (S4): Generation is based 100%
on renewable energy, with both large- and small-scale
installations and links with
North Africa. Both large- and
small-scale storage technologies are needed to balance
the variability in renewable
generation.
✔✔ Small and local (S5): The
focus here is on local solutions involving decentralized
generation and storage and
smart grid solutions, mainly
at the distribution level.
With the development of RES,
generation should become more
stochastic, increasingly correlated
with weather conditions, and more
widely dispersed throughout the
power network.
To show the differences among
the five scenarios selected, two
dimensions were used: the percentage of RES and the percentage of
total generation that is distributed.
Figure 5 shows the distribution
of the five scenarios along these
two dimensions.

The European
Grid Model

figure 6. The present European transmission grid.
42

ieee power & energy magazine

In short-term studies, to define the
grid's needs system simulations
must be performed, as well as load
flow analysis at the nodal level. The
European transmission network,
however, includes almost 10,000
electrical nodes (see Figure 6), a
number that was not tractable for
this project. Indeed, for such a longterm horizon, uncertainties increase
january/february 2015



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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2015 - Cover3
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