IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 57

+
D
-

tricity is so high that the carbon volatilizes into a vapor. the melting carbon in
the crater of the top electrode and the
extremely hot gases in the arc are the
chief source of light. In roadway lighting, the top electrode is always positive so that the crater is above the road
to project light down onto the street.

figure 1. A single-series arc lamp
connection. (From Electric Lighting and
Railways. Scranton, PA: ICS, 1901.)

Some of the carbon vapor is redeposited
on the lower electrode, producing the
pointed shape.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of
light from a dc open arc lamp, the type
we have been discussing. It has no inner globe enclosing the arc, and the arc
is open to the surrounding air. all arc

making life visibly safer

SpanLite

TM

Self-Illuminated
Power Line Marker
Meets FAA Advisory
Circular 70/7460-1L
(Dec. 2015)

a

Installs directly on
live lines up to 500 kV
figure 2. The arc gap detail. (From
Electric Lighting and Railways. Scranton, PA: ICS, 1901.)

january/february 2018

Bird
Diverters

LED Obstruction
Lights

Low Line
Flags & Markers

making life visibly safer
800-722-8078 * pr-tech.com

ieee power & energy magazine

6709

this arc is the result of the current
heating both the air and the electrodes
to a very high temperature (3,500 °C).
electrodes are made from carbon and
are frequently referred to simply as
"carbons." the carbon used is usually
made from petroleum coke specifically for use in arc lamps. the electrodes are about .25 in (about 6 mm)
in diameter.
Figure 2 is a detail showing the gap
between the electrodes where the arc
is formed. Notice that the upper electrode (positive) has a concave crater in
its end, and the lower electrode (negative) is pointed. Current flows from the
top positive electrode to the bottom one.
the heat produced by this flow of elec-

57



http://www.pr-tech.com

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - Intro
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2018 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010214
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com